{
 "catalog": "Global Climate Open Data Catalog",
 "compiled": "2026-07",
 "purpose": "Reference of open climate data worldwide for a 3D-globe visualization and prediction pipelines (incl. AMOC collapse timing).",
 "record_count": 249,
 "records_by_domain": {
  "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface": 41,
  "Ocean & AMOC": 43,
  "Cryosphere": 30,
  "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms": 24,
  "Model Projections & Tipping Points": 29,
  "GHG, Emissions & Composition": 41,
  "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts": 40,
  "Ocean": 1
 },
 "field_definitions": {
  "id": "short slug",
  "name": "dataset/platform name",
  "domain": "top-level category",
  "subdomain": "sub-category",
  "provider": "institution",
  "url": "canonical landing page",
  "access": "access method / API endpoints",
  "formats": "file/serialization formats",
  "variables": "key variables",
  "spatial": "spatial coverage & resolution",
  "temporal": "temporal span",
  "cadence": "update cadence / latency",
  "license": "license & registration",
  "globe": "true if easy to render on a WebGL globe (tiles/Zarr/COG/gridded)",
  "amoc": "true if directly relevant to AMOC state estimation / tipping-point prediction",
  "notes": "one-line suitability note"
 },
 "records": [
  {
   "id": "era5",
   "name": "ERA5 / ERA5T",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "ECMWF / Copernicus C3S",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels",
   "access": "CDS API (cdsapi); web download; ARCO/AWS mirrors",
   "formats": "GRIB;NetCDF;Zarr(mirror)",
   "variables": "T2m, winds, precip, MSLP, radiation, SST, soil, 240+ vars",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25° (137 levels)",
   "temporal": "1940-present",
   "cadence": "hourly; ~5-day latency",
   "license": "Free (CDS account), Copernicus licence",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "De-facto standard reanalysis backbone"
  },
  {
   "id": "arco-era5",
   "name": "ARCO-ERA5 (cloud-optimized)",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "Google Research / ECMWF",
   "url": "https://github.com/google-research/arco-era5",
   "access": "Anonymous GCS bucket gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5",
   "formats": "Zarr;GRIB;NetCDF",
   "variables": "Full ERA5 suite",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1940-present",
   "cadence": "hourly; weeks-months behind CDS",
   "license": "Free, Copernicus attribution",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Best for ML pipelines & tile generation, no queueing"
  },
  {
   "id": "era5-land",
   "name": "ERA5-Land",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "ECMWF / C3S",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-land",
   "access": "CDS API",
   "formats": "GRIB;NetCDF",
   "variables": "soil moisture/temp, snow, runoff, ET, T2m",
   "spatial": "Global land 0.1°",
   "temporal": "1950-present",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "Free (CDS)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "High-res land surface layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "merra2",
   "name": "MERRA-2",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "NASA GMAO / GES DISC",
   "url": "https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/information/mission-project?title=MERRA-2",
   "access": "OPeNDAP/HTTPS/earthaccess (Earthdata login)",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "atmos state + aerosols, radiation, ozone",
   "spatial": "Global 0.5x0.625°",
   "temporal": "1980-present",
   "cadence": "hourly-monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Only long reanalysis with integrated aerosols"
  },
  {
   "id": "jra3q",
   "name": "JRA-3Q",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "JMA (NCAR RDA mirror)",
   "url": "https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/d640000/",
   "access": "NCAR RDA / THREDDS (free reg)",
   "formats": "GRIB2;NetCDF",
   "variables": "full atmospheric state",
   "spatial": "Global ~0.375°",
   "temporal": "1947-present",
   "cadence": "3-6 hourly",
   "license": "Free research (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest high-res modern reanalysis"
  },
  {
   "id": "ncep-r1",
   "name": "NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "NOAA PSL",
   "url": "https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html",
   "access": "OPeNDAP/HTTPS",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "T, winds, geopotential, humidity, MSLP",
   "spatial": "Global 2.5°",
   "temporal": "1948-Mar2026 (frozen)",
   "cadence": "6-hourly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Legacy; updates ended Mar 2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "20crv3",
   "name": "20th Century Reanalysis v3",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "NOAA/CIRES/DOE",
   "url": "https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.20thC_ReanV3.html",
   "access": "OPeNDAP/HTTPS",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "full state, 80-member ensemble",
   "spatial": "Global ~0.7°",
   "temporal": "1806-2015",
   "cadence": "3-hourly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Only sub-daily reconstruction back to 1806"
  },
  {
   "id": "cfsr",
   "name": "CFSR / CFSv2",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Global reanalysis",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEP",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/weather-climate-models/climate-forecast-system",
   "access": "NCEI HTTPS; AWS S3",
   "formats": "GRIB2",
   "variables": "coupled atmos-ocean-land-ice state",
   "spatial": "Global ~0.2-0.5°",
   "temporal": "1979-present",
   "cadence": "hourly-6hourly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Coupled system"
  },
  {
   "id": "hadcrut5",
   "name": "HadCRUT5",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Surface temperature",
   "provider": "Met Office Hadley / UEA CRU",
   "url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV",
   "variables": "near-surface T anomaly, 200-member ensemble",
   "spatial": "Global 5°",
   "temporal": "1850-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "OGL v3",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "IPCC reference record"
  },
  {
   "id": "gistemp",
   "name": "GISTEMP v4",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Surface temperature",
   "provider": "NASA GISS",
   "url": "https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV",
   "variables": "land+ocean T anomaly",
   "spatial": "Global 2°",
   "temporal": "1880-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Fast monthly updates"
  },
  {
   "id": "noaaglobaltemp",
   "name": "NOAAGlobalTemp v6.1",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Surface temperature",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/noaa-global-temp",
   "access": "HTTPS",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "blended T anomaly, AI-interpolated",
   "spatial": "Global 5°",
   "temporal": "1850-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Full-globe incl Arctic"
  },
  {
   "id": "berkeley",
   "name": "Berkeley Earth",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Surface temperature",
   "provider": "Berkeley Earth",
   "url": "https://berkeleyearth.org/data/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "NetCDF;TXT",
   "variables": "land & land+ocean T anomaly",
   "spatial": "Global 1°",
   "temporal": "1750/1850-present",
   "cadence": "monthly (daily land)",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Highest-res long station-based product"
  },
  {
   "id": "cruts",
   "name": "CRU TS v4.09",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Surface temperature",
   "provider": "UEA CRU / CEDA",
   "url": "https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/",
   "access": "CEDA HTTPS (free account)",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "T, precip, PET, cloud, vapour, 10 vars",
   "spatial": "Global land 0.5°",
   "temporal": "1901-2024",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Open (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Multivariate century land climate"
  },
  {
   "id": "ghcnd",
   "name": "GHCN-daily",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/global-historical-climatology-network-daily",
   "access": "NCEI Data Service API; AWS noaa-ghcn-pds",
   "formats": "CSV;DLY",
   "variables": "TMAX/TMIN, PRCP, SNOW +30 elements",
   "spatial": "~120k stations",
   "temporal": "1763-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Canonical global daily station archive"
  },
  {
   "id": "ghcnm",
   "name": "GHCN-monthly v4",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/global-historical-climatology-network-monthly",
   "access": "HTTPS",
   "formats": "ASCII",
   "variables": "monthly mean T",
   "spatial": "~27k stations",
   "temporal": "1701-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Input to GISTEMP/NOAAGlobalTemp"
  },
  {
   "id": "ghcnh",
   "name": "GHCN-hourly v1",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/global-historical-climatology-network-hourly",
   "access": "HTTPS directory",
   "formats": "Parquet;PSV",
   "variables": "T, dewpoint, pressure, wind, precip",
   "spatial": "~20k+ stations",
   "temporal": "~1900-present",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Next-gen ISD successor"
  },
  {
   "id": "isd",
   "name": "Integrated Surface Database (ISD)",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/integrated-surface-database",
   "access": "HTTPS/FTP; AWS; API",
   "formats": "ISD;CSV",
   "variables": "hourly T, dewpoint, wind, pressure",
   "spatial": "~14k active stations",
   "temporal": "1901-present",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ubiquitous hourly archive"
  },
  {
   "id": "hadisd",
   "name": "HadISD v3",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "Met Office Hadley",
   "url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisd/",
   "access": "HTTPS",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "QC'd hourly T, dewpoint, pressure, wind",
   "spatial": "~9k stations",
   "temporal": "1931-present",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "OGL/non-commercial",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "QC'd subset for extremes/trends"
  },
  {
   "id": "dwd",
   "name": "DWD Open Data",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "Deutscher Wetterdienst",
   "url": "https://opendata.dwd.de/",
   "access": "Open HTTPS/FTP",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF;GRIB;BUFR",
   "variables": "station obs, grids, radar; also GPCC",
   "spatial": "Germany + global products",
   "temporal": "from 1781",
   "cadence": "10min-monthly",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Exemplary national open archive"
  },
  {
   "id": "midas",
   "name": "Met Office MIDAS Open + DataHub",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "UK Met Office / CEDA",
   "url": "https://datahub.metoffice.gov.uk/",
   "access": "CEDA HTTPS; DataHub REST API",
   "formats": "CSV;JSON",
   "variables": "UK T, rain, wind, soil, radiation",
   "spatial": "UK",
   "temporal": "1853-present",
   "cadence": "hourly-daily; NRT",
   "license": "OGL v3",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "MIDAS Open historical + DataHub live"
  },
  {
   "id": "meteoswiss",
   "name": "MeteoSwiss OGD",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "MeteoSwiss",
   "url": "https://opendatadocs.meteoswiss.ch/",
   "access": "STAC API + HTTPS",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF;GRIB2;JSON",
   "variables": "station obs, grids, radar, ICON forecasts",
   "spatial": "Switzerland",
   "temporal": "from 1864",
   "cadence": "10min-monthly; NRT",
   "license": "Swiss OGD (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Fully open since 2025, modern STAC · Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "knmi",
   "name": "KNMI Data Platform",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "KNMI",
   "url": "https://dataplatform.knmi.nl/",
   "access": "REST API (key); Climate Explorer",
   "formats": "NetCDF;HDF5;CSV",
   "variables": "station obs, radar, HARMONIE; hosts E-OBS",
   "spatial": "Netherlands + Europe",
   "temporal": "1901-present",
   "cadence": "NRT",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Climate Explorer for series extraction"
  },
  {
   "id": "eobs",
   "name": "E-OBS v31",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Station networks",
   "provider": "ECA&D / Copernicus",
   "url": "https://surfobs.climate.copernicus.eu/dataaccess/access_eobs.php",
   "access": "Direct HTTPS or CDS API",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "daily Tmean/max/min, precip, MSLP, radiation (ensemble)",
   "spatial": "Europe 0.1°/0.25°",
   "temporal": "1950-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best open pan-European daily grid · Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "wis2",
   "name": "WMO WIS 2.0",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Real-time exchange",
   "provider": "WMO + national services",
   "url": "https://community.wmo.int/en/activity-areas/wis",
   "access": "MQTT pub/sub + Global Caches HTTPS",
   "formats": "BUFR;GeoJSON;CSV",
   "variables": "real-time SYNOP/TEMP obs",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "real time",
   "cadence": "minutes",
   "license": "WMO Unified Data Policy",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "GTS successor, rolling out through 2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "imerg",
   "name": "GPM IMERG V07",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Precipitation",
   "provider": "NASA",
   "url": "https://gpm.nasa.gov/data/imerg",
   "access": "GES DISC OPeNDAP/HTTPS; AWS (Earthdata login)",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF",
   "variables": "merged precipitation rate",
   "spatial": "Global 0.1°",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "30-min; Early ~4h latency",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Premier global precip; Early run = live rain layer · Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "gpcp",
   "name": "GPCP v2.3/v3.2",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Precipitation",
   "provider": "NASA/NOAA (GEWEX)",
   "url": "https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.gpcp.html",
   "access": "PSL/NCEI HTTPS; GES DISC",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "satellite-gauge merged precip",
   "spatial": "Global 0.5-2.5°",
   "temporal": "1979-present",
   "cadence": "monthly/daily",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Climate-record precip standard · Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "gpcc",
   "name": "GPCC",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Precipitation",
   "provider": "DWD",
   "url": "https://gpcc.dwd.de/",
   "access": "Open HTTPS/FTP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "gauge-based land precip",
   "spatial": "Global land 0.25-2.5°",
   "temporal": "1891-present",
   "cadence": "monthly; First Guess NRT",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Calibration truth for satellite precip"
  },
  {
   "id": "chirps",
   "name": "CHIRPS v2/v3",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Precipitation",
   "provider": "UCSB Climate Hazards Center",
   "url": "https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps",
   "access": "Open directory; Google Earth Engine",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF;NetCDF;BIL",
   "variables": "gauge+IR blended precip",
   "spatial": "Quasi-global land 0.05°",
   "temporal": "1981-present",
   "cadence": "daily/pentad/monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Highest-res long precip; v3 (2025) go-forward"
  },
  {
   "id": "cmorph",
   "name": "CMORPH CDR",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Precipitation",
   "provider": "NOAA CPC/NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/climate-data-records/precipitation-cmorph",
   "access": "NCEI HTTPS/FTP; AWS",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "satellite morphed precip",
   "spatial": "60S-60N 8km/0.25°",
   "temporal": "1998-present",
   "cadence": "30-min/hourly/daily",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "High-time-res alternative to IMERG"
  },
  {
   "id": "persiann",
   "name": "PERSIANN-CDR",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Precipitation",
   "provider": "UC Irvine CHRS / NOAA",
   "url": "https://chrsdata.eng.uci.edu/",
   "access": "NCEI HTTPS; CHRS portal",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "ANN-based IR precip",
   "spatial": "60S-60N 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1983-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest daily satellite precip CDR"
  },
  {
   "id": "igra",
   "name": "IGRA v2.2 (radiosonde)",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Upper air/radiation",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/weather-balloon/integrated-global-radiosonde-archive",
   "access": "HTTPS/FTP",
   "formats": "ASCII",
   "variables": "sounding profiles: P, height, T, RH, wind; CAPE",
   "spatial": "~2800 stations",
   "temporal": "1905-present",
   "cadence": "1-4 soundings/day",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Reference upper-air obs"
  },
  {
   "id": "ratpac",
   "name": "RATPAC",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Upper air/radiation",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/weather-balloon/radiosonde-atmospheric-temperature-products",
   "access": "HTTPS",
   "formats": "ASCII;NetCDF",
   "variables": "homogenized upper-air T anomalies",
   "spatial": "Global sparse/zonal",
   "temporal": "1958-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Stratospheric cooling trends"
  },
  {
   "id": "ceres",
   "name": "CERES EBAF Ed4.2.1",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Upper air/radiation",
   "provider": "NASA LaRC",
   "url": "https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/data/",
   "access": "CERES subsetter; ASDC OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "TOA/surface SW/LW fluxes, net imbalance, clouds",
   "spatial": "Global 1°",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata bulk)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "THE Earth Energy Imbalance record Live globe layer in this app (EBAF TOA net flux, monthly)."
  },
  {
   "id": "isccp",
   "name": "ISCCP H-Series",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Upper air/radiation",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI/NASA",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-satellite-cloud-climatology",
   "access": "NCEI HTTPS/FTP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "cloud amount, type, optical depth, top pressure",
   "spatial": "Global 1°",
   "temporal": "1983-2017+",
   "cadence": "3-hourly/monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest global cloud climatology"
  },
  {
   "id": "clara",
   "name": "CM SAF CLARA-A3",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Upper air/radiation",
   "provider": "EUMETSAT CM SAF",
   "url": "https://www.cmsaf.eu/",
   "access": "Web ordering (free reg), FTP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "cloud fraction/properties, albedo, radiation",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1979-2020+",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Independent 40+yr cloud/radiation CDR"
  },
  {
   "id": "nasapower",
   "name": "NASA POWER",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "NASA LaRC",
   "url": "https://power.larc.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "Open REST API (no key); AWS Zarr",
   "formats": "JSON;CSV;NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "solar irradiance, T2m, wind, RH, precip",
   "spatial": "Global 0.5x0.625°",
   "temporal": "1981-present",
   "cadence": "hourly-monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Zero-auth point time-series API"
  },
  {
   "id": "psl-gridded",
   "name": "NOAA PSL Gridded Archive",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "NOAA PSL",
   "url": "https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/",
   "access": "HTTPS + THREDDS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "R1, 20CRv3, GPCP, GPCC, OLR, many",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "varies",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Uniform CF NetCDF across dozens of datasets"
  },
  {
   "id": "ncei-access",
   "name": "NOAA NCEI Access / CDO API",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access",
   "access": "REST APIs (data service v1 tokenless; CDO token)",
   "formats": "JSON;CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "gateway to GHCN/ISD/normals/storm events/CDRs",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "mostly daily",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Single gateway to US station archives"
  },
  {
   "id": "openmeteo",
   "name": "Open-Meteo",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "Open-Meteo (open source)",
   "url": "https://open-meteo.com/",
   "access": "Open REST API (no key non-commercial)",
   "formats": "JSON;FlatBuffers",
   "variables": "T, precip, wind, radiation from ERA5(-Land)+forecasts",
   "spatial": "Global points ~9-25km",
   "temporal": "1940-present +forecast",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 (free non-commercial)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Instant ERA5 point queries"
  },
  {
   "id": "rapid",
   "name": "RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS 26.5N",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC arrays",
   "provider": "NOC/U.Miami/NOAA",
   "url": "https://rapid.ac.uk/data/data-download",
   "access": "Email-gated download; DOI at BODC; amocatlas",
   "formats": "NetCDF;MAT;ASCII",
   "variables": "AMOC transport (Sv), Gulf Stream, Ekman, MHT, streamfunction",
   "spatial": "Section 26.5N",
   "temporal": "2004-2024 (v2024.1a)",
   "cadence": "12-hourly/10-day; annual releases",
   "license": "Open (email reg, cite DOI)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Flagship AMOC record"
  },
  {
   "id": "osnap",
   "name": "OSNAP",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC arrays",
   "provider": "International consortium",
   "url": "https://www.o-snap.org/data-access/",
   "access": "Repository download (DOI); amocatlas",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "MOC density-space, MHT, MFT, streamfunctions",
   "spatial": "Subpolar 53-60N",
   "temporal": "2014-2022",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Open (cite/co-author)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Subpolar overturning where AMOC signals emerge"
  },
  {
   "id": "move",
   "name": "MOVE 16N",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC arrays",
   "provider": "Scripps (OceanSITES)",
   "url": "https://mooring.ucsd.edu/move/",
   "access": "OceanSITES GDAC THREDDS/FTP; amocatlas",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "NADW deep-limb transport",
   "spatial": "16N W Atlantic",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "~daily/120-day smoothed",
   "license": "Open (OceanSITES)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Longest deep-limb AMOC record"
  },
  {
   "id": "samba",
   "name": "SAMBA 34.5S",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC arrays",
   "provider": "NOAA AOML + SAMOC intl",
   "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/sam/",
   "access": "SAM portal download; amocatlas",
   "formats": "ASCII;NetCDF",
   "variables": "MOC volume & heat transport, upper+abyssal cell",
   "spatial": "34.5S section",
   "temporal": "2009/2013-2022",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Free public",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Only sustained South Atlantic AMOC array"
  },
  {
   "id": "florida-current",
   "name": "Florida Current cable transport",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC arrays",
   "provider": "NOAA AOML WBTS",
   "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/floridacurrent/",
   "access": "Direct ASCII download",
   "formats": "ASCII",
   "variables": "Florida Current transport (Sv)",
   "spatial": "Straits of Florida 27N",
   "temporal": "1982-present",
   "cadence": "daily; few-day latency",
   "license": "Open (acknowledge)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Lowest-latency AMOC-component; live pulse"
  },
  {
   "id": "amocatlas",
   "name": "AMOCatlas",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC arrays",
   "provider": "AMOC community",
   "url": "https://github.com/AMOCcommunity/amocatlas",
   "access": "Python package (auto-downloads sources)",
   "formats": "xarray/NetCDF",
   "variables": "unified RAPID/MOCHA/MOVE/OSNAP/SAMBA/41N/NOAC + reconstructions",
   "spatial": "multiple sections",
   "temporal": "per source",
   "cadence": "per source",
   "license": "Open source",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Single entry point to harmonize all AMOC series"
  },
  {
   "id": "caesar2018",
   "name": "Caesar et al. 2018 SST fingerprint",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC proxies",
   "provider": "PIK Potsdam",
   "url": "https://www.pik-potsdam.de/~caesar/AMOC_slowdown/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "ASCII",
   "variables": "AMOC index from subpolar cold-blob SST",
   "spatial": "North Atlantic SPG",
   "temporal": "~1870-2016",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Century-scale AMOC-weakening proxy"
  },
  {
   "id": "rahmstorf2015",
   "name": "Rahmstorf et al. 2015 index",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC proxies",
   "provider": "PIK Potsdam",
   "url": "https://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/",
   "access": "Supplementary download",
   "formats": "ASCII",
   "variables": "SPG-minus-NH SST AMOC index",
   "spatial": "North Atlantic",
   "temporal": "900-2010",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Multi-century proxy-extended reconstruction"
  },
  {
   "id": "en4",
   "name": "EN4.2.2 objective analyses",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "AMOC proxies / OHC",
   "provider": "Met Office Hadley",
   "url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/",
   "access": "wget bulk / manual",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "gridded T/S + profiles, density, steric, OHC (4 bias variants)",
   "spatial": "Global 1°, 42 levels",
   "temporal": "1900-present",
   "cadence": "monthly (~2mo lag)",
   "license": "Open (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "In-situ basis for AMOC density/salinity early-warning"
  },
  {
   "id": "argo",
   "name": "Argo GDAC",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Argo",
   "provider": "International Argo",
   "url": "https://argo.ucsd.edu/data/data-from-gdacs/",
   "access": "FTP/HTTPS GDACs; ERDDAP; S3; argopy",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "T, S, pressure profiles",
   "spatial": "Global 0-2000m ~3900 floats",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "10-day; ~1-day latency",
   "license": "Free (cite SEANOE DOI)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Backbone subsurface T/S for OHC/steric/AMOC density Gridded Roemmich-Gilson T/S column (0-2000 m) and 300 m anomaly are live in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "argopy",
   "name": "argopy",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Argo",
   "provider": "Euro-Argo/Ifremer",
   "url": "https://argopy.readthedocs.io",
   "access": "Python library (erddap/gdac/argovis)",
   "formats": "xarray/NetCDF/Parquet",
   "variables": "region/float subsetting core/BGC/deep",
   "spatial": "Full Argo",
   "temporal": "Full Argo record",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Open source (EUPL)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Cleanest programmatic Argo path"
  },
  {
   "id": "bgc-argo",
   "name": "BGC-Argo",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Argo",
   "provider": "International Argo BGC",
   "url": "https://biogeochemical-argo.org/data-access.php",
   "access": "GDAC FTP/ERDDAP/argopy",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "O2, NO3, pH, chl-a, backscatter + T/S",
   "spatial": "Global ~1400 floats 0-2000m",
   "temporal": "2010-present",
   "cadence": "10-day",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Biogeochemical context"
  },
  {
   "id": "deep-argo",
   "name": "Deep Argo",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Argo",
   "provider": "International Argo Deep",
   "url": "https://argo.ucsd.edu/expansion/deep-argo-mission/",
   "access": "GDAC FTP/ERDDAP/argopy",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "T, S to 4000-6000m",
   "spatial": "Regional deep arrays",
   "temporal": "2014-present",
   "cadence": "10-day",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Constrains AMOC abyssal limb"
  },
  {
   "id": "oisst",
   "name": "NOAA OISST v2.1",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "SST",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/optimum-interpolation-sst",
   "access": "HTTPS/FTP; THREDDS; ERDDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "daily blended SST + sea ice",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1981-present",
   "cadence": "daily; ~1-day latency",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "High-res daily SST; NRT cold-blob index input · Live globe layer in this app · Two live globe layers in this app: 1991–2020 climatology and full monthly record (scale to 36 °C)."
  },
  {
   "id": "hadisst",
   "name": "HadISST",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "SST",
   "provider": "Met Office Hadley",
   "url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadisst/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "SST + sea-ice concentration",
   "spatial": "Global 1°",
   "temporal": "1870-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Open non-commercial",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Basis of long AMOC fingerprints"
  },
  {
   "id": "ersst",
   "name": "ERSSTv5",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "SST",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/extended-reconstructed-sst",
   "access": "HTTPS/FTP; THREDDS; ERDDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "reconstructed monthly SST + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "Global 2°",
   "temporal": "1854-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Alternative long SST reconstruction"
  },
  {
   "id": "ostia",
   "name": "OSTIA",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "SST",
   "provider": "Met Office via CMEMS",
   "url": "https://data.marine.copernicus.eu",
   "access": "copernicusmarine toolbox; OPeNDAP; PO.DAAC mirror",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "foundation SST + sea ice",
   "spatial": "Global 0.05°",
   "temporal": "1982-present",
   "cadence": "daily; ~1-day latency",
   "license": "Copernicus Marine (free acct)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Highest-res L4 SST"
  },
  {
   "id": "ncei-ohc",
   "name": "NOAA/NCEI Ocean Heat Content",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean heat content",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/global-ocean-heat-content/",
   "access": "Download; THREDDS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV",
   "variables": "OHC 0-700/0-2000m, thermosteric SL",
   "spatial": "Global 1°",
   "temporal": "1955-present",
   "cadence": "quarterly/annual",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Standard OHC benchmark Powers the Earth-energy-imbalance panel on the Temp tab in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "iap-ohc",
   "name": "IAP/Cheng OHC (IAPv4)",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean heat content",
   "provider": "IAP CAS",
   "url": "http://www.ocean.iap.ac.cn/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "gridded ocean T + OHC 0-2000m + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "Global 1°",
   "temporal": "1940s-present",
   "cadence": "monthly/annual",
   "license": "Open (cite ESSD)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Widely-cited low-noise OHC"
  },
  {
   "id": "sealevel-cmems",
   "name": "Copernicus Marine SEALEVEL (DUACS)",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Sea level",
   "provider": "CLS/CNES via CMEMS",
   "url": "https://data.marine.copernicus.eu",
   "access": "copernicusmarine toolbox; OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "SLA, ADT, geostrophic velocities",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°/0.125°",
   "temporal": "1993-present",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Copernicus Marine (free acct)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "ADT + surface currents; altimetry AMOC proxy input"
  },
  {
   "id": "aviso",
   "name": "AVISO+ altimetry",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Sea level",
   "provider": "CNES/CLS",
   "url": "https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/",
   "access": "FTP/registration; subset tools",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "SSH, SLA, MSL indicators",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1993-present",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Reference altimetry & MSL products"
  },
  {
   "id": "nasa-ssh",
   "name": "NASA-SSH / MEaSUREs",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Sea level",
   "provider": "NASA JPL PO.DAAC",
   "url": "https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/NASA-SSH",
   "access": "Earthdata HTTPS/S3/OPeNDAP/Harmony",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "gridded SSH anomaly multi-mission",
   "spatial": "Global 0.5°",
   "temporal": "1992-present",
   "cadence": "5-day/monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Cloud-optimized altimetry record Represented on-globe in this app by the JPL MEaSUREs SSH-anomalies layer."
  },
  {
   "id": "psmsl",
   "name": "PSMSL",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Sea level",
   "provider": "PSMSL/NOC",
   "url": "https://psmsl.org/data/obtaining/",
   "access": "Manual download per station",
   "formats": "ASCII;CSV",
   "variables": "monthly/annual mean sea level (tide gauges)",
   "spatial": "~2000 stations",
   "temporal": "1807-present",
   "cadence": "monthly/annual",
   "license": "Open (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Long coastal sea-level reference"
  },
  {
   "id": "uhslc",
   "name": "UHSLC tide gauges",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Sea level",
   "provider": "U. Hawaii Sea Level Center",
   "url": "https://uhslc.soest.hawaii.edu/",
   "access": "ERDDAP; THREDDS/OPeNDAP; FTP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV",
   "variables": "hourly/daily sea level (fast-delivery + research)",
   "spatial": "~500 stations",
   "temporal": "1846-present",
   "cadence": "hourly/daily",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best-served tide-gauge access (ERDDAP)"
  },
  {
   "id": "gloss",
   "name": "GLOSS network",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Sea level",
   "provider": "IOC/UNESCO",
   "url": "https://psmsl.org/gloss/",
   "access": "Via PSMSL/UHSLC portals",
   "formats": "ASCII;NetCDF",
   "variables": "core global tide-gauge sea level",
   "spatial": "~290 core stations",
   "temporal": "station-dependent",
   "cadence": "monthly-high freq",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Curated backbone network"
  },
  {
   "id": "glorys",
   "name": "GLORYS12 ocean reanalysis",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean reanalysis",
   "provider": "Mercator/CMEMS",
   "url": "https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/product/GLOBAL_MULTIYEAR_PHY_001_030",
   "access": "copernicusmarine toolbox; STAC; OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;Zarr",
   "variables": "T,S,u,v,SSH,MLD,ice; AMOC streamfunction derivable",
   "spatial": "Global 1/12°, 50 levels",
   "temporal": "1993-present",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Copernicus Marine (free acct)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Eddy-resolving; compute AMOC at any latitude. Surface current speed and mixed-layer depth are live globe layers in this app, month-keyed: the date selector's month picks which baked monthly mean renders (refresh_data.py glorys bakes the last ~12 months); circulation on the pixel card."
  },
  {
   "id": "oras5",
   "name": "ORAS5",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean reanalysis",
   "provider": "ECMWF via CDS",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-oras5-single-levels",
   "access": "CDS API; CMEMS",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GRIB",
   "variables": "T,S,currents,SSH,OHC,ice (5-member ensemble)",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°, 75 levels",
   "temporal": "1958-present",
   "cadence": "monthly/5-day",
   "license": "Copernicus (free CDS)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Long ensemble reanalysis for AMOC variability"
  },
  {
   "id": "ecco",
   "name": "ECCO V4",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean reanalysis",
   "provider": "NASA JPL/MIT",
   "url": "https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/ECCO",
   "access": "Earthdata HTTPS/S3/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "dynamically-consistent T,S,u,v,SSH,fluxes",
   "spatial": "Global ~1°/llc90, 50 levels",
   "temporal": "1992-2017+",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Closed AMOC/heat budgets, adjoint sensitivity"
  },
  {
   "id": "soda",
   "name": "SODA3",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean reanalysis",
   "provider": "U. Maryland",
   "url": "https://www.soda.umd.edu/",
   "access": "Download; THREDDS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "T,S,u,v,SSH",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25-0.5°",
   "temporal": "1980-present (+1871 SODAsi)",
   "cadence": "monthly/5-day",
   "license": "Open (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Independent reanalysis for AMOC hindcast cross-validation"
  },
  {
   "id": "oceansites",
   "name": "OceanSITES",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Moorings",
   "provider": "International OceanSITES",
   "url": "https://www.ocean-ops.org/oceansites/",
   "access": "FTP + THREDDS/OPeNDAP GDACs; ERDDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "full-depth T/S/velocity, fluxes at reference sites",
   "spatial": "~200+ sites",
   "temporal": "site-dependent",
   "cadence": "hourly-daily",
   "license": "Open (OceanSITES)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Umbrella for AMOC array moorings"
  },
  {
   "id": "gtmba",
   "name": "TAO/TRITON, PIRATA, RAMA",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Moorings",
   "provider": "NOAA PMEL + partners",
   "url": "https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/gtmba/",
   "access": "PMEL ERDDAP; delivery system; OceanSITES",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "SST, subsurface T/S, currents, winds, fluxes",
   "spatial": "Tropical Pacific/Atlantic/Indian",
   "temporal": "1977/1980s-present",
   "cadence": "hourly-monthly",
   "license": "Open public",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "PIRATA feeds tropical Atlantic AMOC context"
  },
  {
   "id": "gdp",
   "name": "Global Drifter Program",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Moorings/drifters",
   "provider": "NOAA AOML",
   "url": "https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/gdp/",
   "access": "AOML ERDDAP; FTP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "near-surface currents, SST, SLP",
   "spatial": "Global ~1250 drifters",
   "temporal": "1979-present",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "Open public",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Animated surface-current flow layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "goship",
   "name": "GO-SHIP / CCHDO",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Hydrography",
   "provider": "GO-SHIP / UCSD CCHDO",
   "url": "https://cchdo.ucsd.edu/",
   "access": "Per-cruise download",
   "formats": "WOCE-CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "full-depth CTD T/S/O2, nutrients, carbon, tracers",
   "spatial": "Repeat sections, full depth",
   "temporal": "1970s-present",
   "cadence": "~decadal reoccupation",
   "license": "Open (cite DOIs)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Gold standard for deep AMOC calibration"
  },
  {
   "id": "wod",
   "name": "World Ocean Database 2023",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Hydrography",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-database",
   "access": "WODselect tool; FTP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "all historical in-situ T,S,O2,nutrients,chl profiles",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "1772-present",
   "cadence": "irregular",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Largest historical profile archive"
  },
  {
   "id": "woa",
   "name": "World Ocean Atlas 2023",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Hydrography",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas",
   "access": "Download; THREDDS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII;shapefile",
   "variables": "objectively-analyzed climatological T,S,O2,nutrients",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°/1°, 102 levels",
   "temporal": "climatology 1955-2022",
   "cadence": "climatological",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Gridded climatology baseline"
  },
  {
   "id": "gebco",
   "name": "GEBCO_2024 bathymetry",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Bathymetry",
   "provider": "GEBCO (IHO/IOC)/BODC",
   "url": "https://www.gebco.net/data-products/gridded-bathymetry-data",
   "access": "Download; WMS/WCS; OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GeoTIFF;ASCII",
   "variables": "elevation/bathymetry (land+seafloor)",
   "spatial": "Global 15 arc-sec",
   "temporal": "static (annual releases)",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open, no restrictions",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Seafloor mesh for the 3D globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "oc-cci",
   "name": "ESA OC-CCI",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean color/salinity",
   "provider": "ESA CCI (PML)",
   "url": "https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/ocean-colour/",
   "access": "THREDDS/OPeNDAP; FTP via CEDA",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "chlorophyll-a, Rrs, Kd, IOPs (merged)",
   "spatial": "Global 4km/1km",
   "temporal": "1997-present",
   "cadence": "daily/8-day/monthly",
   "license": "Open (cite)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Climate-quality merged chlorophyll"
  },
  {
   "id": "nasa-oceancolor",
   "name": "NASA Ocean Color (OB.DAAC)",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean color/salinity",
   "provider": "NASA GSFC OB.DAAC",
   "url": "https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "HTTPS (Earthdata); ERDDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "chl-a, Rrs, PAR, SST (MODIS/VIIRS/PACE)",
   "spatial": "Global 4km/1km",
   "temporal": "1997-present",
   "cadence": "daily-monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "PACE hyperspectral color · Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "smos-sss",
   "name": "SMOS sea surface salinity",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean color/salinity",
   "provider": "ESA (CATDS/BEC)",
   "url": "https://www.catds.fr/",
   "access": "FTP/manual; OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "sea surface salinity L2/L3/L4",
   "spatial": "Global ~25-50km",
   "temporal": "2010-present",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Open (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Surface salinity for AMOC freshwater diagnostics"
  },
  {
   "id": "smap-sss",
   "name": "SMAP sea surface salinity",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Ocean color/salinity",
   "provider": "NASA RSS/JPL",
   "url": "https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "Earthdata HTTPS/S3/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "sea surface salinity L2/L3",
   "spatial": "Global ~60km",
   "temporal": "2015-present",
   "cadence": "8-day/monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Subpolar salinity anomalies = AMOC precursor · Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "cmems",
   "name": "Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS)",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "Mercator Ocean Intl",
   "url": "https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/",
   "access": "copernicusmarine toolbox; STAC; OPeNDAP; WMS",
   "formats": "NetCDF;Zarr;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "300+ products: physics, biogeochem, sea level, SST, ice, waves",
   "spatial": "Global+regional",
   "temporal": "1990s-present +forecast",
   "cadence": "varies",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Largest operational ocean catalog"
  },
  {
   "id": "coastwatch",
   "name": "NOAA CoastWatch/PolarWatch ERDDAP",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "NOAA",
   "url": "https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/",
   "access": "ERDDAP (griddap/tabledap REST/OPeNDAP)",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV;JSON;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "SST, ocean color, altimetry, winds, currents, buoys",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "many NRT",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Uniform ERDDAP REST access to dozens of products"
  },
  {
   "id": "nsidc-seaice-index",
   "name": "NSIDC Sea Ice Index v4",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "NSIDC/NOAA",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/g02135/versions/4",
   "access": "Open HTTPS (noaadata.apps.nsidc.org)",
   "formats": "CSV;GeoTIFF;PNG;shapefile",
   "variables": "sea ice extent, area, concentration, anomalies",
   "spatial": "Both poles 25km",
   "temporal": "1978-present",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Headline extent record"
  },
  {
   "id": "nsidc-sic-cdr",
   "name": "NOAA/NSIDC SIC CDR (G02202/G10016)",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/g02202/versions/5",
   "access": "HTTPS; PolarWatch ERDDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "sea ice concentration + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "Both poles 25km",
   "temporal": "1978-present",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Uncertainty-quantified concentration record"
  },
  {
   "id": "osisaf-sic",
   "name": "OSI SAF SIC CDR r3 (OSI-450-a/458)",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "EUMETSAT OSI SAF",
   "url": "https://osi-saf.eumetsat.int/products/osi-458",
   "access": "MET Norway THREDDS/FTP; CMEMS/CDS",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "SIC + per-pixel uncertainty; edge/type/drift",
   "spatial": "Both poles 10-25km EASE2",
   "temporal": "1978-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Independent European CDR"
  },
  {
   "id": "bremen-amsr2",
   "name": "U. Bremen AMSR2 ASI",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "U. Bremen",
   "url": "https://seaice.uni-bremen.de/sea-ice-concentration/amsre-amsr2/",
   "access": "Open HTTPS/FTP directory",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF;NetCDF;PNG;HDF",
   "variables": "sea ice concentration (ASI); merged 1km",
   "spatial": "Both poles 6.25km (1km merged)",
   "temporal": "2002-present",
   "cadence": "daily NRT",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Highest-res routine SIC"
  },
  {
   "id": "awi-cs2smos",
   "name": "AWI CryoSat-2/SMOS thickness",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "AWI/ESA",
   "url": "https://spaces.awi.de/display/CS2SMOS",
   "access": "Open FTP/HTTPS; meereisportal",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "sea ice thickness, freeboard, snow depth + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "Arctic 25km EASE2",
   "temporal": "2010-present",
   "cadence": "weekly (Oct-Apr)",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Operational Arctic thickness"
  },
  {
   "id": "icesat2-seaice",
   "name": "ICESat-2 sea ice freeboard/thickness",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "NASA/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/atl10",
   "access": "Earthdata Cloud S3/HTTPS; earthaccess",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF",
   "variables": "freeboard, derived thickness, snow depth",
   "spatial": "Arctic+Southern Ocean, along-track+25km",
   "temporal": "2018-present",
   "cadence": "monthly grids",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Independent lidar freeboard"
  },
  {
   "id": "piomas",
   "name": "PIOMAS sea ice volume",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "U. Washington PSC",
   "url": "https://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/",
   "access": "Open HTTPS/FTP",
   "formats": "ASCII;binary/NetCDF",
   "variables": "sea ice volume & anomaly, thickness",
   "spatial": "Pan-Arctic ~22km",
   "temporal": "1979-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "45+yr volume reanalysis; ice-free-summer reference"
  },
  {
   "id": "c3s-sit",
   "name": "C3S Sea Ice Thickness CDR",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Sea ice",
   "provider": "Copernicus C3S (AWI/ESA)",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/satellite-sea-ice-thickness",
   "access": "CDS API",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "sea ice thickness + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "Arctic 25km EASE2",
   "temporal": "2002-present (winter)",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Copernicus (free CDS)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest radar-altimetry thickness CDR"
  },
  {
   "id": "imbie",
   "name": "IMBIE ice sheet mass balance",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "IMBIE consortium (ESA/NASA)",
   "url": "https://imbie.org/data-downloads/",
   "access": "Direct HTTP download; Zenodo",
   "formats": "CSV;XLSX",
   "variables": "reconciled mass balance (Gt/yr) + cumulative + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "Greenland+Antarctica integrated",
   "temporal": "1992-2023",
   "cadence": "periodic assessments",
   "license": "Open (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Consensus mass-loss curve for tipping models"
  },
  {
   "id": "grace-mascon",
   "name": "GRACE/GRACE-FO JPL mascons RL06.3",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "NASA JPL PO.DAAC",
   "url": "https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/data/get-data/jpl_global_mascons/",
   "access": "Earthdata Cloud S3/HTTPS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GeoTIFF;ASCII",
   "variables": "monthly mass-change (equiv water height)",
   "spatial": "Global 3° mascons @0.5°",
   "temporal": "2002-present (gap 2017-18)",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Direct gravimetric ice-loss observable"
  },
  {
   "id": "gsfc-icemass",
   "name": "GSFC ice-sheet mass change series",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "NASA GSFC",
   "url": "https://earth.gsfc.nasa.gov/geo/data/grace-mascons",
   "access": "HTTPS download",
   "formats": "HDF5;ASCII/CSV",
   "variables": "basin-scale + gridded ice mass change",
   "spatial": "Greenland+Antarctica",
   "temporal": "2002-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Clean per-ice-sheet Gt series for dashboards"
  },
  {
   "id": "itslive",
   "name": "ITS_LIVE ice velocity",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "NASA JPL/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://its-live.jpl.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3 (s3://its-live-data); itslive-py",
   "formats": "Zarr;NetCDF;COG",
   "variables": "ice surface velocity (vx,vy,mag,error)",
   "spatial": "All glaciers+ice sheets 120-240m",
   "temporal": "1985-present",
   "cadence": "image-pair+annual, NRT",
   "license": "Open (NASA)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Anonymous cloud Zarr; easiest big cryosphere dataset"
  },
  {
   "id": "icesat2-atl15",
   "name": "ICESat-2 ATL14/ATL15",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "NASA/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/atl15/versions/5",
   "access": "Earthdata Cloud S3/HTTPS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "ice-sheet DEM + quarterly height change",
   "spatial": "Antarctica/Greenland/Arctic 100m-1km",
   "temporal": "2018-present",
   "cadence": "quarterly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Thinning-rate hotspots (Thwaites, Pine Island)"
  },
  {
   "id": "bedmachine",
   "name": "BedMachine Greenland v5 / Antarctica v3",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "UC Irvine/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/idbmg4/versions/5",
   "access": "NSIDC HTTPS/Earthdata Cloud",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "bed elevation, ice thickness, surface, mask",
   "spatial": "Greenland 150m / Antarctica 500m",
   "temporal": "static (~2020 epoch)",
   "cadence": "versioned",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Definitive bed topography; marine-based basins = collapse-prone"
  },
  {
   "id": "measures-velocity",
   "name": "MEaSUREs velocity mosaics",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "NASA MEaSUREs/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0484",
   "access": "NSIDC HTTPS/Earthdata Cloud",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF;NetCDF",
   "variables": "vx, vy, speed, errors (InSAR)",
   "spatial": "Greenland 200-500m / Antarctica 450m",
   "temporal": "2000s-present",
   "cadence": "annual/quarterly/composite",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Complements ITS_LIVE in slow-flow interiors"
  },
  {
   "id": "promice",
   "name": "PROMICE / GC-Net",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "GEUS",
   "url": "https://promice.org/",
   "access": "GEUS Dataverse API; THREDDS; pypromice",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "Greenland AWS (T, radiation, ablation, velocity); ice discharge; SMB",
   "spatial": "Greenland margin+interior",
   "temporal": "1995-present",
   "cadence": "hourly NRT; annual releases",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ground truth for Greenland melt/SMB"
  },
  {
   "id": "greenland-melt",
   "name": "Greenland/Antarctic surface melt (NSIDC-0533 + Ice Sheets Today)",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "NASA MEaSUREs/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/ice-sheets-today",
   "access": "NSIDC HTTPS; NRT open feed",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GeoTIFF;PNG;CSV",
   "variables": "daily melt occurrence, melt extent %",
   "spatial": "Greenland/Antarctica 25km",
   "temporal": "1979-present",
   "cadence": "daily NRT (melt season)",
   "license": "Public/free",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Striking melt-day globe layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "racmo-mar",
   "name": "RACMO / MAR regional SMB",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Ice sheets",
   "provider": "IMAU Utrecht / U. Liege",
   "url": "https://mar.cnrs.fr",
   "access": "Open FTP (MAR); Zenodo/on-request (RACMO)",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "surface mass balance, runoff, snowfall, melt",
   "spatial": "Greenland/Antarctica 1-5.5km",
   "temporal": "1940s-present",
   "cadence": "annual/NRT",
   "license": "Open/on-request",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Standard SMB forcing for projections"
  },
  {
   "id": "rgi",
   "name": "Randolph Glacier Inventory v7",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Glaciers",
   "provider": "GLIMS/RGI/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://rgidata.org/",
   "access": "Direct HTTPS download by region",
   "formats": "Shapefile;GeoPackage;CSV",
   "variables": "~275k glacier outlines, area, hypsometry",
   "spatial": "Global vector",
   "temporal": "snapshot ~2000 (v7 2023)",
   "cadence": "maintained",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Base glacier geometry + modeling spatial index"
  },
  {
   "id": "glims",
   "name": "GLIMS Glacier Database",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Glaciers",
   "provider": "GLIMS/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://www.glims.org/",
   "access": "Web map download; WMS/WFS",
   "formats": "Shapefile;KML;GeoJSON",
   "variables": "multi-temporal glacier outlines + attributes",
   "spatial": "Global vector",
   "temporal": "1850-present",
   "cadence": "rolling",
   "license": "Open (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Multi-date outlines for retreat animation"
  },
  {
   "id": "wgms",
   "name": "WGMS Fluctuations of Glaciers + mass change",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Glaciers",
   "provider": "WGMS (U. Zurich)",
   "url": "https://wgms.ch/data_databaseversions/",
   "access": "Versioned DOI download; FoG browser",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "in-situ/geodetic mass balance, front variation >2000 glaciers",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "1850-present",
   "cadence": "2x/year",
   "license": "Free (acknowledge)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Calibration backbone for glacier projections"
  },
  {
   "id": "rutgers-snow",
   "name": "Rutgers NH Snow Cover Extent",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Snow",
   "provider": "Rutgers Global Snow Lab",
   "url": "https://climate.rutgers.edu/snowcover/",
   "access": "HTTPS CSV/ASCII + grids",
   "formats": "ASCII;CSV;binary",
   "variables": "NH snow cover extent + anomalies",
   "spatial": "Northern Hemisphere ~190km",
   "temporal": "1966-present",
   "cadence": "weekly",
   "license": "Public",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest satellite-era environmental CDR"
  },
  {
   "id": "ims-snow",
   "name": "NOAA IMS daily snow/ice",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Snow",
   "provider": "NOAA NESDIS/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/g02156",
   "access": "Open HTTPS",
   "formats": "ASCII;GeoTIFF;NetCDF",
   "variables": "snow cover + sea ice presence (blended)",
   "spatial": "Northern Hemisphere 1-24km",
   "temporal": "1997-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "1km daily NH snow/ice mask"
  },
  {
   "id": "modis-snow",
   "name": "MODIS snow cover (MOD10A1 v61)",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Snow",
   "provider": "NASA/NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data/mod10a1/versions/61",
   "access": "Earthdata Cloud; GIBS WMTS tiles",
   "formats": "HDF-EOS;NetCDF;PNG tiles",
   "variables": "NDSI snow cover, albedo",
   "spatial": "Global 500m/0.05°",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "daily/8-day/monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata; GIBS open)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ready-made GIBS globe tiles"
  },
  {
   "id": "snow-cci",
   "name": "ESA Snow CCI SWE v2",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Snow",
   "provider": "ESA CCI (FMI)",
   "url": "https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/snow/Snow_data/",
   "access": "CEDA HTTPS/FTP (free reg); CDS",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "daily snow water equivalent + uncertainty; snow-cover fraction",
   "spatial": "NH 25km",
   "temporal": "1979-2020+",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Open (ESA CCI)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Long-record SWE for hydrology benchmarking"
  },
  {
   "id": "permafrost-cci",
   "name": "ESA Permafrost CCI v5",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Permafrost",
   "provider": "ESA CCI (U. Oslo/AWI)",
   "url": "https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/permafrost/",
   "access": "CEDA HTTPS/FTP (free reg)",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "ground temperature, active layer thickness, extent",
   "spatial": "NH permafrost ~1km",
   "temporal": "1997-2024",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open (ESA CCI)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Only continuous circumpolar permafrost product; carbon-tipping input"
  },
  {
   "id": "gtnp",
   "name": "GTN-P permafrost database",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Permafrost",
   "provider": "IPA/Arctic Portal",
   "url": "https://gtnpdatabase.org/",
   "access": "Web download per site; PANGAEA bulk",
   "formats": "CSV;JSON",
   "variables": "borehole ground temperatures, active-layer thickness",
   "spatial": "Circumpolar ~1350 boreholes",
   "temporal": "1980s-present",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "In-situ validation for Permafrost CCI"
  },
  {
   "id": "calm",
   "name": "CALM active layer",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Permafrost",
   "provider": "GWU/IPA",
   "url": "https://www2.gwu.edu/~calm/",
   "access": "HTTPS tables",
   "formats": "CSV;XLS",
   "variables": "end-of-season active layer thickness",
   "spatial": "~260 sites",
   "temporal": "1990-present",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest standardized thaw-depth record"
  },
  {
   "id": "nsidc-daac",
   "name": "NSIDC DAAC",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Platforms",
   "provider": "NASA NSIDC",
   "url": "https://nsidc.org/data",
   "access": "CMR/earthaccess/Earthdata Cloud S3",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "all NASA cryosphere collections",
   "spatial": "polar",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "varies",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Single-registration cryosphere gateway"
  },
  {
   "id": "qgreenland",
   "name": "QGreenland",
   "domain": "Cryosphere",
   "subdomain": "Platforms",
   "provider": "NSIDC/CU Boulder",
   "url": "https://qgreenland.org",
   "access": "Downloadable QGIS package",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF;GeoPackage",
   "variables": "~700 curated Greenland layers",
   "spatial": "Greenland",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "versioned",
   "license": "CC BY",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Pre-styled Greenland stack for globe prototyping"
  },
  {
   "id": "cdse",
   "name": "Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Copernicus",
   "provider": "EC/ESA",
   "url": "https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/",
   "access": "STAC API; OData; S3 (eodata); openEO; Sentinel Hub",
   "formats": "SAFE;NetCDF;COG",
   "variables": "Sentinel-1/2/3/5P/6 full archives",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "mission archives",
   "cadence": "NRT <3-24h",
   "license": "Free (OAuth), Copernicus licence",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Full Sentinel access; Sentinel Hub tiling"
  },
  {
   "id": "sentinel-hub",
   "name": "Sentinel Hub / Copernicus Browser",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Copernicus",
   "provider": "EC/Sinergise",
   "url": "https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/analyse/apis/sentinel-hub",
   "access": "WMS/WMTS/WCS; Process API; Catalog STAC",
   "formats": "PNG/JPEG tiles;COG",
   "variables": "all Sentinels rendered on-the-fly (TIME dim)",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "archive",
   "cadence": "NRT",
   "license": "Free (OAuth, PU quota)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best dynamic tile source for a globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "cds-platform",
   "name": "Climate Data Store (C3S)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Copernicus",
   "provider": "ECMWF C3S",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/",
   "access": "CDS API (cdsapi)",
   "formats": "GRIB;NetCDF;Zarr",
   "variables": "ERA5, seasonal, CMIP6/CORDEX subsets, ECVs",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "1940-present +proj",
   "cadence": "varies",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Canonical ERA5 source"
  },
  {
   "id": "ads-platform",
   "name": "Atmosphere Data Store (CAMS)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Copernicus",
   "provider": "ECMWF CAMS",
   "url": "https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/",
   "access": "ADS API (cdsapi)",
   "formats": "GRIB;NetCDF",
   "variables": "composition forecasts/reanalysis, aerosols, GHG",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "2003-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Atmospheric composition store"
  },
  {
   "id": "wekeo",
   "name": "Copernicus WEkEO",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Copernicus",
   "provider": "EUMETSAT/ECMWF/Mercator/EEA",
   "url": "https://wekeo.copernicus.eu/",
   "access": "Harmonized Data Access (HDA) REST API; JupyterHub",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GRIB;SAFE",
   "variables": "Sentinels + all six Copernicus services",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "passthrough",
   "cadence": "passthrough",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "One key for every Copernicus service"
  },
  {
   "id": "earthdata",
   "name": "NASA Earthdata / CMR",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NASA",
   "provider": "NASA ESDIS",
   "url": "https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "CMR REST + CMR-STAC; Harmony; Earthdata Cloud S3",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF;COG;Zarr",
   "variables": "~60PB all NASA EO missions",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "mission archives",
   "cadence": "NRT to monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata Login)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best programmatic entry to all NASA EO"
  },
  {
   "id": "gibs",
   "name": "NASA GIBS / Worldview",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NASA",
   "provider": "NASA ESDIS",
   "url": "https://nasa-gibs.github.io/gibs-api-docs/",
   "access": "WMTS (no auth) EPSG:4326/3857/polar; WMS; MVT",
   "formats": "PNG/JPEG tiles;MVT",
   "variables": "1000+ time-enabled layers (true color, SST, aerosol, snow/ice, precip)",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "years-decades",
   "cadence": "~3h latency",
   "license": "No auth, free",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Single most important tile service for a 3D globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "nasa-daacs",
   "name": "NASA DAACs (GES DISC, PO.DAAC, LP DAAC, ORNL, ASDC...)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NASA",
   "provider": "NASA",
   "url": "https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/centers",
   "access": "CMR/CMR-STAC; OPeNDAP; Earthdata Cloud S3",
   "formats": "NetCDF;HDF5;COG",
   "variables": "IMERG, MERRA-2, MUR SST, CERES, ICESat-2, HLS...",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "NRT-monthly",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Discipline archives of core climate records"
  },
  {
   "id": "landsat",
   "name": "Landsat Collection 2",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NASA/USGS",
   "provider": "USGS/NASA",
   "url": "https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/",
   "access": "M2M API; LandsatLook STAC; AWS s3://usgs-landsat",
   "formats": "COG;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "surface reflectance & temperature ARD",
   "spatial": "Global 30m",
   "temporal": "1972-present",
   "cadence": "<24h new scenes",
   "license": "Free (public domain data)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest continuous 30m land record"
  },
  {
   "id": "bluemarble",
   "name": "NASA Blue Marble / Black Marble",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NASA",
   "provider": "NASA",
   "url": "https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "Static mosaics; GIBS WMTS layers",
   "formats": "PNG/JPEG/GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "global true-color + night lights textures",
   "spatial": "Global 500m",
   "temporal": "monthly/annual",
   "cadence": "periodic",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Standard base + night-side globe textures"
  },
  {
   "id": "nodd",
   "name": "NOAA Open Data Dissemination (NODD)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NOAA",
   "provider": "NOAA (AWS/Azure/GCP)",
   "url": "https://www.noaa.gov/nodd/datasets",
   "access": "Anonymous S3/GCS/Azure",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GRIB2;CSV;Zarr",
   "variables": "GOES, JPSS, GFS/HRRR, NEXRAD, CDRs (25+PB)",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "NRT",
   "license": "No auth, public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Workhorse free bucket layer, no egress"
  },
  {
   "id": "goes",
   "name": "GOES-16/18/19",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NOAA",
   "provider": "NOAA NESDIS",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-goes/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3/GCS/Azure",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "16-band ABI imagery, GLM lightning, SST, fire, aerosol",
   "spatial": "Full disk 0.5-2km",
   "temporal": "operational",
   "cadence": "10-min",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Live Earth full-disk imagery"
  },
  {
   "id": "jpss",
   "name": "JPSS (Suomi-NPP, NOAA-20/21)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "NOAA",
   "provider": "NOAA NESDIS",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-jpss/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4;HDF5",
   "variables": "VIIRS imagery, SST, fires, aerosol, day/night band",
   "spatial": "Global 375-750m",
   "temporal": "operational",
   "cadence": "~1-3h",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "VIIRS day/night band = night-lights layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "eumetsat",
   "name": "EUMETSAT Data Store",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Agencies",
   "provider": "EUMETSAT",
   "url": "https://user.eumetsat.int/data-access/data-store",
   "access": "REST Download API; EUMETView WMS; Data Tailor",
   "formats": "Native;NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "Meteosat/MTG (full disk), Metop/EPS-SG, OSI SAF/CM SAF CDRs",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "mission archives",
   "cadence": "NRT",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "EUMETView WMS = globe-ready Meteosat tiles"
  },
  {
   "id": "jaxa-gportal",
   "name": "JAXA G-Portal / P-Tree",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Agencies",
   "provider": "JAXA",
   "url": "https://gportal.jaxa.jp/gpr/",
   "access": "HTTPS/SFTP (login); P-Tree FTP",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "AMSR2 (ice, SST, soil moisture), GCOM-C, GPM DPR, Himawari",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "mission archives",
   "cadence": "NRT-days",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "AMSR2 sea-ice concentration staple"
  },
  {
   "id": "esa-cci",
   "name": "ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Agencies",
   "provider": "ESA",
   "url": "https://climate.esa.int/en/data/",
   "access": "CEDA HTTPS/OPeNDAP/THREDDS; ODP; CCI Toolbox",
   "formats": "NetCDF-4",
   "variables": "27+ ECVs as multi-decadal satellite CDRs",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "30-40yr records",
   "cadence": "climate-quality",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Reference ECV family for climate-trend layers & ML truth"
  },
  {
   "id": "planetary-computer",
   "name": "Microsoft Planetary Computer",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Cloud platforms",
   "provider": "Microsoft",
   "url": "https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/",
   "access": "STAC API; Azure Blob (SAS); TiTiler tile/data API",
   "formats": "COG;Zarr;GeoParquet;NetCDF",
   "variables": "100+ collections: Sentinel, Landsat, MODIS, ERA5, land cover",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "days behind source",
   "license": "Open (anonymous read)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Cleanest STAC+COG+tiler backend for globe & ML"
  },
  {
   "id": "aws-opendata",
   "name": "AWS Open Data Registry / Earth on AWS",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Cloud platforms",
   "provider": "Amazon + data owners",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3; Earth Search STAC",
   "formats": "COG;Zarr;NetCDF;GRIB2",
   "variables": "Sentinel-2 COGs, ERA5, CMIP6, NOAA, Copernicus DEM, WorldCover (500+)",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "hours-days",
   "license": "Mostly anonymous/no-cost",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Heaviest concentration of EO/climate mirrors"
  },
  {
   "id": "gee",
   "name": "Google Earth Engine",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Cloud platforms",
   "provider": "Google",
   "url": "https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets",
   "access": "JS/Python API; REST; tile endpoints",
   "formats": "ingested assets; GeoTIFF/TFRecord export",
   "variables": "1000+ datasets/100+PB: Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, ERA5, CHIRPS, projections",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "days behind",
   "license": "Free non-commercial; commercial licensing",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Server-side compute + tiles; vendor lock-in"
  },
  {
   "id": "pangeo",
   "name": "Pangeo / Pangeo Forge catalogs",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Cloud platforms",
   "provider": "Pangeo community",
   "url": "https://catalog.pangeo.io/",
   "access": "Intake/STAC catalogs -> anonymous GCS/S3 Zarr",
   "formats": "Zarr;Kerchunk",
   "variables": "CMIP6, ERA5 subsets, ocean models, obs",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "static archives",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Anonymous (per-dataset licenses)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Reference ARCO ML pattern"
  },
  {
   "id": "weatherbench2",
   "name": "WeatherBench 2",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Cloud platforms",
   "provider": "Google Research/ECMWF",
   "url": "https://weatherbench2.readthedocs.io/",
   "access": "Anonymous GCS gs://weatherbench2/",
   "formats": "Zarr",
   "variables": "ERA5 ground truth + IFS/GraphCast/Pangu/NeuralGCM forecasts + eval",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25-5.6°",
   "temporal": "1959-2023",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "Open (Copernicus terms)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Analysis-ready ERA5 Zarr + AI baselines"
  },
  {
   "id": "stac",
   "name": "STAC Ecosystem / STAC Index",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Standards",
   "provider": "STAC community",
   "url": "https://stacindex.org/",
   "access": "STAC Index REST; pystac-client",
   "formats": "JSON metadata -> COG/Zarr/NetCDF",
   "variables": "150+ public catalogs/APIs",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Free (index)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Build catalog as STAC; harvesting seed list"
  },
  {
   "id": "ogc-apis",
   "name": "OGC APIs (EDR/Tiles/Coverages)",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Standards",
   "provider": "OGC",
   "url": "https://ogcapi.ogc.org/",
   "access": "RESTful JSON (EDR position/trajectory queries)",
   "formats": "JSON;tiles",
   "variables": "env data retrieval, features, coverages, maps, tiles",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Open standard",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "EDR = click-globe-get-time-series pattern"
  },
  {
   "id": "cesium-ion",
   "name": "Cesium ion",
   "domain": "Satellite EO & Cloud Platforms",
   "subdomain": "Globe tiling",
   "provider": "Cesium (Bentley)",
   "url": "https://ion.cesium.com/",
   "access": "REST asset API + CesiumJS streaming",
   "formats": "3D Tiles;quantized-mesh;imagery tiles",
   "variables": "World Terrain, base imagery, Sentinel-2 cloudless",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "n/a",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Free community tier (token)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Fastest path to production 3D globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "cmip6-esgf",
   "name": "CMIP6 via ESGF",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "CMIP",
   "provider": "WCRP/ESGF",
   "url": "https://wcrp-cmip.org/esgf-information/",
   "access": "ESGF UIs; REST search API; OPeNDAP/HTTPS/Globus; intake-esgf",
   "formats": "NetCDF4",
   "variables": "~2000 vars incl AMOC msftmz/msftyz, thetao, so, vo, hfbasin; SSP scenarios",
   "spatial": "~25-250km",
   "temporal": "1850-2100+",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Authoritative AMOC streamfunction projections"
  },
  {
   "id": "cmip6-gcs",
   "name": "CMIP6 Zarr on Google Cloud",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "CMIP",
   "provider": "Pangeo/ESGF + Google",
   "url": "https://pangeo-data.github.io/pangeo-cmip6-cloud/",
   "access": "Anonymous GCS gs://cmip6/; intake-esm",
   "formats": "Zarr",
   "variables": ">500k datasets incl msftmz/msftyz (patchy)",
   "spatial": "native grids",
   "temporal": "1850-2100+",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Best route for cloud AMOC ensemble computation"
  },
  {
   "id": "cmip6-aws",
   "name": "CMIP6 on AWS",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "CMIP",
   "provider": "AWS/Pangeo-ESGF",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/cmip6/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3 (cmip6-pds, esgf-world); intake-esm",
   "formats": "Zarr;NetCDF",
   "variables": "historical + SSPs subset",
   "spatial": "native grids",
   "temporal": "1850-2100+",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Same-region compute for AWS backends"
  },
  {
   "id": "cmip7",
   "name": "CMIP7 (Fast Track)",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "CMIP",
   "provider": "WCRP/ESGF-NG",
   "url": "https://wcrp-cmip.org/cmip7/",
   "access": "ESGF-NG (STAC index from May 2026)",
   "formats": "NetCDF (CMOR3)",
   "variables": "new Fast Track scenarios; AMOC/ocean-circ retained",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "to 2100+",
   "cadence": "publishing since late 2025",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Will supersede CMIP6 for AR7-era tipping; track now"
  },
  {
   "id": "ar6-scenarios",
   "name": "AR6 Scenario Explorer",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Scenarios/IPCC",
   "provider": "IIASA/IPCC WGIII",
   "url": "https://data.ece.iiasa.ac.at/ar6/",
   "access": "Web explorer; pyam/ixmp REST API",
   "formats": "IAMC CSV/XLSX",
   "variables": "~1200 IAM scenarios (C1-C8); emissions, energy, temperature",
   "spatial": "global+regions",
   "temporal": "2015-2100",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 (most)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Links emission pathways to warming levels"
  },
  {
   "id": "ipcc-atlas",
   "name": "IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Scenarios/IPCC",
   "provider": "IPCC WGI/Santander",
   "url": "https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/",
   "access": "Web GUI; GitHub; CDS API (gridded)",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV;GeoJSON",
   "variables": "~35 indices, CMIP5/6/CORDEX, SSPs & warming levels",
   "spatial": "1°/0.5°",
   "temporal": "1850-2100",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Pre-aggregated warming-level fields = ready globe layers"
  },
  {
   "id": "c3s-atlas",
   "name": "Copernicus Interactive Climate Atlas",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Scenarios/IPCC",
   "provider": "Copernicus C3S",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/multi-origin-c3s-atlas",
   "access": "CDS API",
   "formats": "NetCDF;Zarr",
   "variables": "CMIP5/6/CORDEX + reanalysis; SSPs/RCPs; extended indices",
   "spatial": "0.25-1°",
   "temporal": "1940-2100",
   "cadence": "maintained",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Operational successor with stable API"
  },
  {
   "id": "cordex",
   "name": "CORDEX / CORDEX-CMIP6",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Downscaling",
   "provider": "WCRP CORDEX",
   "url": "https://cordex.org/data-access/cordex-cmip6-data/",
   "access": "ESGF (OPeNDAP/HTTPS)",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "regional atmos/surface; SSP downscaling, 14 domains",
   "spatial": "0.11-0.44° (12-50km)",
   "temporal": "1950-2100",
   "cadence": "growing",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 (most)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Regional detail; carries AMOC-collapse impact signatures"
  },
  {
   "id": "euro-cordex",
   "name": "EURO-CORDEX",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Downscaling",
   "provider": "EURO-CORDEX/GERICS",
   "url": "https://www.euro-cordex.net/",
   "access": "ESGF + CDS API",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "~50 variables; RCP/SSP scenarios",
   "spatial": "0.11° (~12.5km)",
   "temporal": "1950-2100",
   "cadence": "growing",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 (most)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Densest RCM ensemble; European AMOC-impact storylines"
  },
  {
   "id": "nex-gddp",
   "name": "NASA NEX-GDDP-CMIP6",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Downscaling",
   "provider": "NASA NEX/NCCS",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/nex-gddp-cmip6/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3 (nex-gddp-cmip6); NCCS THREDDS",
   "formats": "NetCDF4;Zarr mirrors",
   "variables": "9 daily vars, 35 models, historical + SSPs",
   "spatial": "0.25° global land",
   "temporal": "1950-2100",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Open (cite NASA NEX)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Most convenient global high-res daily projection layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "carbonplan-downscaling",
   "name": "CarbonPlan CMIP6 downscaling",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Downscaling",
   "provider": "CarbonPlan",
   "url": "https://carbonplan.org/research/cmip6-downscaling",
   "access": "Public Azure blob (Zarr); Python pkg",
   "formats": "Zarr",
   "variables": "tas/tasmax/tasmin/pr, multiple methods",
   "spatial": "0.25° global (4km CONUS)",
   "temporal": "1950-2100",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Only open multi-method global downscaling (maintenance mode)"
  },
  {
   "id": "dcpp",
   "name": "DCPP (decadal predictions)",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Prediction",
   "provider": "WCRP/ESGF",
   "url": "https://www.wcrp-climate.org/dcp-overview",
   "access": "ESGF API/OPeNDAP; partial Zarr in gs://cmip6/",
   "formats": "NetCDF;Zarr",
   "variables": "dcppA hindcasts 1960-2019 + dcppB forecasts; msftmz, AMV/SPG",
   "spatial": "~100km",
   "temporal": "1-10yr lead",
   "cadence": "ongoing",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Only multi-model initialized AMOC forecasts (~10yr)"
  },
  {
   "id": "c3s-seasonal",
   "name": "C3S seasonal forecasts",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Prediction",
   "provider": "Copernicus C3S",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/seasonal-original-single-levels",
   "access": "CDS API",
   "formats": "GRIB2;NetCDF",
   "variables": "~40 vars; hindcasts + real-time to 7 months",
   "spatial": "1° (~36km native)",
   "temporal": "1981-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Seasonal layer for a live globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "nmme",
   "name": "NMME",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Prediction",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEP + partners",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-nmme/",
   "access": "IRI Data Library (OPeNDAP); anonymous S3",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GRIB",
   "variables": "tref, prec, SST; ~8 models, leads 0-11 months",
   "spatial": "1°",
   "temporal": "1982-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "US Gov open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Long consistent hindcast archive"
  },
  {
   "id": "cesm2-lens",
   "name": "CESM2 Large Ensemble (LENS2)",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Large ensembles",
   "provider": "NCAR + AWS",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/ncar-cesm2-lens/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3 (ncar-cesm2-lens); intake-esm",
   "formats": "Zarr;NetCDF",
   "variables": "100 members, atmos+ocean (MOC via NCAR gateway)",
   "spatial": "~1°",
   "temporal": "1850-2100 (SSP3-7.0)",
   "cadence": "daily/monthly",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Gold standard: forced AMOC decline vs internal variability"
  },
  {
   "id": "cesm1-lens",
   "name": "CESM1 Large Ensemble",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Large ensembles",
   "provider": "NCAR + AWS",
   "url": "https://registry.opendata.aws/ncar-cesm-lens/",
   "access": "Anonymous S3 (ncar-cesm-lens); intake-esm",
   "formats": "Zarr",
   "variables": "40 members incl MOC (RCP8.5)",
   "spatial": "~1°",
   "temporal": "1920-2100",
   "cadence": "varies",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Longest-used LE for AMOC internal-variability stats"
  },
  {
   "id": "mpi-ge",
   "name": "MPI Grand Ensemble",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Large ensembles",
   "provider": "MPI-M/DKRZ",
   "url": "https://cmiphub.cloud.dkrz.de/esgf-projects/mpi-ge.php",
   "access": "ESGF (DKRZ); CERA/WDCC",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "100 members + 2000-yr control; RCP/SSP",
   "spatial": "~1.5-1.9°",
   "temporal": "1850-2099",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Best for AMOC noise stats & early-warning false-alarm rates"
  },
  {
   "id": "tipmip",
   "name": "TIPMIP",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Tipping points",
   "provider": "PIK + consortium",
   "url": "https://tipmip.org/",
   "access": "Protocols public; ESGF/DKRZ publication staged",
   "formats": "NetCDF (planned)",
   "variables": "AMOC hosing, overshoot, ice sheet, permafrost, biosphere experiments",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "idealized",
   "cadence": "2025-26 releases",
   "license": "Expected CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Coming canonical multi-model AMOC-tipping archive"
  },
  {
   "id": "ditlevsen2023",
   "name": "Ditlevsen & Ditlevsen 2023 AMOC tipping",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Tipping points",
   "provider": "U. Copenhagen",
   "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-39810-w",
   "access": "UCPH ERDA repository download",
   "formats": "CSV;Matlab;R",
   "variables": "AMOC SST-fingerprint index + ramped-OU tipping-time estimator",
   "spatial": "North Atlantic",
   "temporal": "1870-2020",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "Open academic",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Reusable statistical AMOC tipping-time estimator (~2057 best est)"
  },
  {
   "id": "vanwesten2024",
   "name": "van Westen et al. 2024 CESM AMOC collapse run",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Tipping points",
   "provider": "Utrecht IMAU",
   "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk1189",
   "access": "Zenodo download + Python",
   "formats": "NetCDF;Python",
   "variables": "freshwater-hosing CESM AMOC collapse; FovS early-warning indicator",
   "spatial": "global",
   "temporal": "4400 model years",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Benchmark simulated AMOC collapse; FovS computable across CMIP6"
  },
  {
   "id": "tipes",
   "name": "TiPES / ClimTip / TipESM",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Tipping points",
   "provider": "EU projects",
   "url": "https://www.tipes.dk/",
   "access": "Zenodo deposits; CORDIS deliverables",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV;code",
   "variables": "early-warning-signal methods, box-model/EMIC datasets, paleo tipping",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "per-paper",
   "license": "Mostly CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Method/code source for EWS pipelines"
  },
  {
   "id": "gtp-report",
   "name": "Global Tipping Points Report",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Tipping points",
   "provider": "U. Exeter GSI",
   "url": "https://global-tipping-points.org/",
   "access": "Report PDFs, figures, tables",
   "formats": "PDF;XLSX",
   "variables": "tipping element threshold estimates + uncertainty",
   "spatial": "global",
   "temporal": "assessment",
   "cadence": "2023, 2025",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Expert threshold ranges (AMOC ~1.4-8°C) for dashboards"
  },
  {
   "id": "aifs",
   "name": "ECMWF AIFS + ECMWF Open Data",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "AI models",
   "provider": "ECMWF",
   "url": "https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/dataset/aifs-machine-learning-data",
   "access": "GRIB via data.ecmwf.int + cloud mirrors; HF weights",
   "formats": "GRIB2;PyTorch/HF",
   "variables": "operational AI forecast, 15-day; ensemble (AIFS ENS)",
   "spatial": "~0.25°",
   "temporal": "real-time",
   "cadence": "operational",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Only operational AI forecast with fully open real-time data"
  },
  {
   "id": "graphcast",
   "name": "GraphCast / Pangu / FourCastNet",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "AI models",
   "provider": "DeepMind/Huawei/NVIDIA",
   "url": "https://github.com/google-deepmind/graphcast",
   "access": "Open code + weights; ECMWF ai-models",
   "formats": "JAX/ONNX/PyTorch; ERA5 Zarr",
   "variables": "global 6h forecasts, 10-day horizon",
   "spatial": "0.25°",
   "temporal": "forecast",
   "cadence": "fast inference",
   "license": "Apache/research (weights vary)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Fast global field generation for animated layers"
  },
  {
   "id": "neuralgcm",
   "name": "NeuralGCM",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "AI models",
   "provider": "Google Research",
   "url": "https://neuralgcm.readthedocs.io/",
   "access": "Open checkpoints + Zarr datasets from GCS",
   "formats": "JAX;Zarr",
   "variables": "hybrid ML+dynamics; multi-decadal AMIP runs",
   "spatial": "0.7-2.8°",
   "temporal": "multi-decadal",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Open (updated)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Closest AI model to climate simulation (no ocean yet)"
  },
  {
   "id": "climatebench",
   "name": "ClimateBench",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "AI models",
   "provider": "Watson-Parris et al.",
   "url": "https://github.com/duncanwp/ClimateBench",
   "access": "Zenodo download",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "emissions->tas/pr/dtr response; ScenarioMIP train/test",
   "spatial": "~2°",
   "temporal": "1850-2100",
   "cadence": "static",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Benchmark for emission->climate emulators"
  },
  {
   "id": "isimip",
   "name": "ISIMIP3",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Impacts",
   "provider": "PIK",
   "url": "https://data.isimip.org/",
   "access": "Web repository + isimip-client API",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "bias-adjusted CMIP6 forcing + multi-sector impacts (water, ag, health, coastal)",
   "spatial": "0.5° global",
   "temporal": "1850-2100",
   "cadence": "ongoing",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 (most)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Turns tipping projections into human-impact layers"
  },
  {
   "id": "climexp",
   "name": "KNMI Climate Explorer",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Impacts/tools",
   "provider": "KNMI",
   "url": "https://climexp.knmi.nl/",
   "access": "Web GUI + scriptable URLs",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII;PNG",
   "variables": "CMIP5/6, reanalyses, AMOC indices, SST fingerprints",
   "spatial": "varies",
   "temporal": "varies",
   "cadence": "n/a",
   "license": "Free academic",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Instant AMOC-fingerprint/ensemble index derivation"
  },
  {
   "id": "destine",
   "name": "Destination Earth Climate DT",
   "domain": "Model Projections & Tipping Points",
   "subdomain": "Digital twins",
   "provider": "EU/ECMWF-ESA-EUMETSAT",
   "url": "https://earthdatahub.destine.eu/collections/climate-dt",
   "access": "Earth Data Hub (STAC + Zarr); Polytope API",
   "formats": "Zarr;GRIB",
   "variables": "km-scale global projections (SSP3-7.0)",
   "spatial": "~5km eddy-resolving",
   "temporal": "2020-2040+",
   "cadence": "growing",
   "license": "DestinE policy (account)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Highest-res open climate sims; realistic AMOC variability"
  },
  {
   "id": "noaa-co2-trends",
   "name": "NOAA GML Trends (Mauna Loa CO2)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "NOAA GML",
   "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/",
   "access": "Direct download; FTP/HTTPS",
   "formats": "CSV;TXT;NetCDF",
   "variables": "CO2 (also CH4, N2O, SF6); global marine mean",
   "spatial": "Point (Mauna Loa) + global mean",
   "temporal": "1958-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Keeling curve; headline CO2 counter + model boundary"
  },
  {
   "id": "noaa-gggrn",
   "name": "NOAA GML GGGRN / ObsPack",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "NOAA GML CCGG",
   "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/obspack/",
   "access": "Bulk download; ObsPack tarballs; Data Finder",
   "formats": "NetCDF;TXT;CSV",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CO, isotopes",
   "spatial": "~60+ sites, aircraft, towers, ships",
   "temporal": "1968-present",
   "cadence": "annual + NRT",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Standard constraint for atmospheric inversion/flux models"
  },
  {
   "id": "scripps-co2",
   "name": "Scripps CO2 Program",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "Scripps/UCSD",
   "url": "https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/",
   "access": "Direct CSV download",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "CO2, 13C/12C, O2/N2",
   "spatial": "~10 stations",
   "temporal": "1958-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest continuous CO2 record (independent of NOAA)"
  },
  {
   "id": "icos",
   "name": "ICOS Carbon Portal",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "ICOS ERIC (Europe)",
   "url": "https://www.icos-cp.eu/",
   "access": "REST/SPARQL API; icoscp Python; download",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV;zip",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, N2O, CO; ecosystem fluxes; ocean pCO2",
   "spatial": "~180 European stations",
   "temporal": "2015-present",
   "cadence": "NRT + annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best-instrumented regional network; NRT streams"
  },
  {
   "id": "tccon",
   "name": "TCCON",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "Caltech/international",
   "url": "https://tccondata.org/",
   "access": "CaltechDATA download",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "column XCO2, XCH4, XN2O, XCO, XH2O",
   "spatial": "~30 FTIR sites",
   "temporal": "2004-present",
   "cadence": "~annual updates",
   "license": "Free (registration/cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Validation ground-truth for satellite XCO2/XCH4"
  },
  {
   "id": "agage",
   "name": "AGAGE",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "MIT/SIO consortium",
   "url": "https://agage.mit.edu/",
   "access": "Direct download; Zenodo",
   "formats": "ASCII;NetCDF",
   "variables": "CH4, N2O, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, SF6, ~50+ species",
   "spatial": "~15 background stations",
   "temporal": "1978-present",
   "cadence": "semi-annual",
   "license": "Free (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Authoritative for non-CO2/Montreal-Protocol gases"
  },
  {
   "id": "wdcgg",
   "name": "WMO GAW / WDCGG",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "WMO GAW / JMA",
   "url": "https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/",
   "access": "Web portal; bulk download (free reg)",
   "formats": "WDCGG text;NetCDF",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, CFCs, CO, O3",
   "spatial": "400+ stations",
   "temporal": "1950s-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Free (GAW policy)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Broadest station aggregation for globe markers"
  },
  {
   "id": "noaa-hats",
   "name": "NOAA GML HATS halocarbons",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "In-situ GHG",
   "provider": "NOAA GML",
   "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/hats/",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "TXT;CSV",
   "variables": "N2O, SF6, CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, halons",
   "spatial": "~14 stations + global means",
   "temporal": "1977-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Minor-GHG inputs for radiative forcing"
  },
  {
   "id": "oco",
   "name": "OCO-2 / OCO-3",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "NASA JPL",
   "url": "https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "GES DISC OPeNDAP/HTTPS/S3 (Earthdata login)",
   "formats": "NetCDF4;HDF5",
   "variables": "XCO2, SIF; gridded L3",
   "spatial": "~1.3x2.25km footprints; L3 0.5°",
   "temporal": "2014-present",
   "cadence": "~monthly latency (Lite)",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Primary satellite XCO2 for flux inversions"
  },
  {
   "id": "gosat",
   "name": "GOSAT / GOSAT-2",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "JAXA/NIES/MOE",
   "url": "https://data2.gosat.nies.go.jp/",
   "access": "Free registration portal",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF;KMZ",
   "variables": "XCO2, XCH4 (GOSAT-2 adds XCO, N2O)",
   "spatial": "~10.5km footprints; L3 2.5°",
   "temporal": "2009-present",
   "cadence": "monthly L3",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Longest satellite XCO2/XCH4 record"
  },
  {
   "id": "gosat-gw",
   "name": "GOSAT-GW / TANSO-3",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "JAXA/NIES",
   "url": "https://gosat-gw.nies.go.jp/en/",
   "access": "NIES portal (registration)",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF",
   "variables": "XCO2, XCH4, NO2 (wide swath + target mode)",
   "spatial": "~10km grid / 1-3km target",
   "temporal": "2025-present",
   "cadence": "ramping 2026",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Newest global GHG mapper (launched 2025)"
  },
  {
   "id": "s5p-methane",
   "name": "Sentinel-5P / TROPOMI",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "ESA/Copernicus",
   "url": "https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-5p",
   "access": "Copernicus Data Space (STAC/OData/S3/openEO); GEE",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GEE",
   "variables": "XCH4, CO, NO2, O3, SO2, HCHO, aerosol index",
   "spatial": "Global 5.5x7km",
   "temporal": "2018-present",
   "cadence": "~3h NRT + daily",
   "license": "Free and open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Workhorse for global daily methane maps + plume hunting"
  },
  {
   "id": "methanesat",
   "name": "MethaneSAT (archive)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "EDF/MethaneSAT LLC",
   "url": "https://www.methanesat.org/data",
   "access": "GEE (L3/L4) + data portal",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF/GEE;NetCDF",
   "variables": "XCH4, area & point-source emission fluxes",
   "spatial": "~100-400m, basin scenes",
   "temporal": "Mar2024-Jun2025 ONLY",
   "cadence": "static archive",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Mission ended (contact lost Jun 2025); archived flux maps remain"
  },
  {
   "id": "carbonmapper",
   "name": "Carbon Mapper / Tanager-1",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "Carbon Mapper/Planet/JPL",
   "url": "https://data.carbonmapper.org/",
   "access": "Portal + public API (free account)",
   "formats": "GeoJSON;GeoTIFF;CSV",
   "variables": "CH4/CO2 plumes, emission rates, source attribution",
   "spatial": "Facility-level ~30m",
   "temporal": "2016-present (Tanager Nov2024)",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best facility-level super-emitter feed with an API"
  },
  {
   "id": "emit",
   "name": "NASA EMIT plumes",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "NASA JPL (ISS)",
   "url": "https://earth.jpl.nasa.gov/emit/",
   "access": "Earthdata Search / LP DAAC S3; US GHG Center",
   "formats": "NetCDF;COG",
   "variables": "CH4/CO2 plume complexes, enhancement maps",
   "spatial": "60m pixels, ±52 lat",
   "temporal": "2022-present",
   "cadence": "as processed",
   "license": "Free (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "High-res plume COGs; complements Carbon Mapper"
  },
  {
   "id": "co2m",
   "name": "Copernicus CO2M (Sentinel-7) [upcoming]",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "ESA/EUMETSAT/EC",
   "url": "https://www.eumetsat.int/co2m",
   "access": "Future (Copernicus Data Space + EUMETSAT)",
   "formats": "NetCDF (planned)",
   "variables": "XCO2 (~0.7ppm), XCH4, NO2 co-located",
   "spatial": "2x2km, 250km swath",
   "temporal": "launch ~Nov 2027",
   "cadence": "future",
   "license": "Free and open (planned)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "First mission to image anthropogenic CO2 plumes globally"
  },
  {
   "id": "c3s-ghg-ecv",
   "name": "Copernicus/C3S Satellite GHG ECV",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Satellite GHG",
   "provider": "Copernicus C3S / ESA GHG-CCI",
   "url": "https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/satellite-carbon-dioxide",
   "access": "CDS API",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "merged multi-sensor XCO2, XCH4",
   "spatial": "Global; L3 5°x5° monthly",
   "temporal": "2002-present",
   "cadence": "annual extensions",
   "license": "Free (Copernicus)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Harmonized long XCO2/XCH4 grids; easiest to animate 20+yr"
  },
  {
   "id": "edgar",
   "name": "EDGAR",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "EC JRC",
   "url": "https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/",
   "access": "Direct download; JRC Data Catalogue DOIs",
   "formats": "XLSX;CSV;NetCDF;txt grid",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, N2O, F-gases + pollutants by sector",
   "spatial": "Country + 0.1° grids",
   "temporal": "1970-2024",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Default gridded anthropogenic emissions map"
  },
  {
   "id": "gcb",
   "name": "Global Carbon Budget",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "Global Carbon Project",
   "url": "https://globalcarbonbudget.org/",
   "access": "XLSX/CSV downloads; ICOS/Zenodo archive",
   "formats": "XLSX;CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "fossil CO2, land-use emissions, ocean/land sinks, budget",
   "spatial": "Global + country",
   "temporal": "1750-2024 +proj",
   "cadence": "annual (Nov)",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Authoritative annual carbon budget; mass-balance sanity checks"
  },
  {
   "id": "ceds",
   "name": "CEDS",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "PNNL/JGCRI",
   "url": "https://github.com/JGCRI/CEDS",
   "access": "GitHub (code+country); Zenodo (gridded); ESGF",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, N2O, BC, OC, SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, NH3 by sector",
   "spatial": "Country + 0.1°/0.5° monthly",
   "temporal": "1750-2023",
   "cadence": "~annual",
   "license": "Open (CC BY 4.0)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Historical forcing-emissions backbone of CMIP"
  },
  {
   "id": "primap",
   "name": "PRIMAP-hist",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "PIK/Climate Resource",
   "url": "https://primap.org/primap-hist/",
   "access": "Zenodo download; openclimatedata.net",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "Kyoto GHGs by country + IPCC sector, CO2eq",
   "spatial": "All countries",
   "temporal": "1750-2024 (v2.7)",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Cleanest gap-filled all-country all-gas series for choropleths"
  },
  {
   "id": "unfccc",
   "name": "UNFCCC GHG Inventory Data",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "UNFCCC Secretariat",
   "url": "https://di.unfccc.int/",
   "access": "Data Interface web query + bulk download",
   "formats": "XLSX;CSV",
   "variables": "all Kyoto gases, full IPCC sector detail, LULUCF",
   "spatial": "National",
   "temporal": "1990-present",
   "cadence": "annual/biennial",
   "license": "Free (terms)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Official reported numbers; reconciliation target"
  },
  {
   "id": "faostat",
   "name": "FAOSTAT Emissions",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "FAO",
   "url": "https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GT",
   "access": "Web download + FAOSTAT API",
   "formats": "CSV;JSON",
   "variables": "CH4, N2O, CO2 from agriculture, fires, land use",
   "spatial": "Country",
   "temporal": "1961-2023",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Reference for agricultural CH4/N2O splits"
  },
  {
   "id": "gfed",
   "name": "GFED (Global Fire Emissions)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "GFED consortium",
   "url": "https://www.globalfiredata.org/",
   "access": "Direct download; NASA ORNL DAAC",
   "formats": "HDF5;NetCDF",
   "variables": "fire CO2, CO, CH4, PM2.5, BC/OC; burned area",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1997-present",
   "cadence": "monthly NRT",
   "license": "Free (cite)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Standard fire-emissions layer; animates well"
  },
  {
   "id": "cdiac",
   "name": "CDIAC Legacy Archive",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Emission inventories",
   "provider": "Appalachian State/ESS-DIVE",
   "url": "https://energy.appstate.edu/cdiac-appstate",
   "access": "Direct download",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "fossil CO2 by country/fuel, 1° gridded",
   "spatial": "National + 1° grid",
   "temporal": "1751-2014 (frozen)",
   "cadence": "legacy",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Historical depth to 1751 for long training series"
  },
  {
   "id": "ghgrp",
   "name": "US EPA GHGRP / FLIGHT",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Facility intelligence",
   "provider": "US EPA",
   "url": "https://ghgdata.epa.gov/",
   "access": "Envirofacts API + bulk XLSX/CSV",
   "formats": "CSV;XLSX;JSON",
   "variables": "facility CO2e by gas and subpart",
   "spatial": "~8000 US facilities (lat/lon)",
   "temporal": "2010-2024",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ground-truth facility points for US"
  },
  {
   "id": "climatetrace",
   "name": "Climate TRACE",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Facility intelligence",
   "provider": "Climate TRACE coalition",
   "url": "https://climatetrace.org/data",
   "access": "Bulk CSV; REST API",
   "formats": "CSV;JSON",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, N2O, CO2e for 660M+ assets, ~70 sectors",
   "spatial": "Facility-level + country/sector",
   "temporal": "2015-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Only global facility-level monthly all-sector dataset; star globe layer Live year-aware globe layer in this app (top-1000 emitters per year, 2021-2025, selectable via the date)."
  },
  {
   "id": "iea-methane",
   "name": "IEA Methane Tracker",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Facility intelligence",
   "provider": "IEA",
   "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2026",
   "access": "Download database (registration)",
   "formats": "XLSX;CSV",
   "variables": "CH4 from oil/gas/coal/bioenergy by country; abatement",
   "spatial": "Country",
   "temporal": "annual + history",
   "cadence": "annual (Feb/Mar)",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best country-level energy-methane split with abatement scenarios"
  },
  {
   "id": "unep-mars",
   "name": "UNEP IMEO / MARS",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Facility intelligence",
   "provider": "UNEP IMEO",
   "url": "https://methanedata.unep.org/",
   "access": "Interactive platform + download",
   "formats": "CSV;GeoJSON",
   "variables": "detected CH4 super-emitter events, notified plumes",
   "spatial": "Point/facility, global",
   "temporal": "2023-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Free/open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Curated multi-satellite super-emitter alerts layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "owid-co2",
   "name": "Our World in Data CO2 & GHG",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Country/policy",
   "provider": "OWID/GCDL",
   "url": "https://github.com/owid/co2-data",
   "access": "GitHub raw CSV; OWID API",
   "formats": "CSV;XLSX;JSON",
   "variables": "CO2 (production/consumption), CH4, N2O, GHG, per-capita, cumulative",
   "spatial": "Countries + world",
   "temporal": "1750-2024",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Most convenient single CSV for country choropleths"
  },
  {
   "id": "climatewatch",
   "name": "Climate Watch (WRI)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Country/policy",
   "provider": "WRI",
   "url": "https://www.climatewatchdata.org/",
   "access": "Web downloads + REST API",
   "formats": "CSV;JSON",
   "variables": "GHG by country/sector/gas; NDC content/tracking",
   "spatial": "~195 countries",
   "temporal": "1990-2022; NDC current",
   "cadence": "periodic",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Links emissions to NDC pledges"
  },
  {
   "id": "cat",
   "name": "Climate Action Tracker",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Country/policy",
   "provider": "Climate Analytics/NewClimate",
   "url": "https://climateactiontracker.org/",
   "access": "Web + selected CSV",
   "formats": "HTML;CSV;PNG",
   "variables": "country ratings, projected 2030 emissions, warming estimates",
   "spatial": "~40 countries",
   "temporal": "rolling",
   "cadence": "around COPs",
   "license": "Free (attribution)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Qualitative ratings layer; no formal API"
  },
  {
   "id": "cams-composition",
   "name": "CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Composition",
   "provider": "ECMWF/Copernicus",
   "url": "https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/",
   "access": "ADS API (cdsapi)",
   "formats": "GRIB;NetCDF",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4 3D fields, CO, O3, NO2, SO2, aerosols; flux inversions",
   "spatial": "Global ~0.4-0.75°",
   "temporal": "2003-present",
   "cadence": "daily forecasts + reanalysis",
   "license": "Free (Copernicus)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Gap-free 3D global CO2/CH4 field for volumetric rendering"
  },
  {
   "id": "geos-cf",
   "name": "NASA GEOS-CF",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Composition",
   "provider": "NASA GMAO",
   "url": "https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/weather_prediction/GEOS-CF/",
   "access": "OPeNDAP/HTTPS; viewer",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5, aerosols",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "2018-present +forecast",
   "cadence": "hourly",
   "license": "Free public",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Hourly global composition + forecast, no registration"
  },
  {
   "id": "openaq",
   "name": "OpenAQ",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Composition",
   "provider": "OpenAQ (nonprofit)",
   "url": "https://openaq.org/",
   "access": "REST API v3 (free key); S3 archive",
   "formats": "JSON;CSV.gz",
   "variables": "PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, SO2, CO, BC",
   "spatial": "~15000+ stations, 100+ countries",
   "temporal": "2015-present",
   "cadence": "hourly NRT",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Best live station-level air-quality feed"
  },
  {
   "id": "aeronet",
   "name": "AERONET",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Aerosols/ozone",
   "provider": "NASA GSFC",
   "url": "https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "Web download + Web Service API",
   "formats": "CSV;TXT",
   "variables": "AOD multi-wavelength, Angstrom, SSA, size dist",
   "spatial": "~600 sun-photometer sites",
   "temporal": "1993-present",
   "cadence": "NRT + QA'd L2",
   "license": "Free (cite)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ground truth for satellite AOD"
  },
  {
   "id": "modis-aod",
   "name": "MODIS AOD (MOD04/MAIAC)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Aerosols/ozone",
   "provider": "NASA",
   "url": "https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/",
   "access": "Earthdata (LAADS/LP DAAC) HTTPS/S3; GEE",
   "formats": "HDF4;NetCDF;COG",
   "variables": "aerosol optical depth 550nm, fine-mode fraction",
   "spatial": "Global 1-10km",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Free (NASA)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Canonical daily aerosol map; VIIRS continuity ahead"
  },
  {
   "id": "woudc",
   "name": "WOUDC (ozone/UV)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Aerosols/ozone",
   "provider": "ECCC/WMO GAW",
   "url": "https://woudc.org/",
   "access": "Web search; WAF; pywoudc API",
   "formats": "extCSV;CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "total column ozone, ozonesonde profiles, UV",
   "spatial": "~500 stations",
   "temporal": "1924-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Free (WMO)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Century-scale ozone record"
  },
  {
   "id": "aggi",
   "name": "NOAA AGGI",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Forcing indices",
   "provider": "NOAA GML",
   "url": "https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html",
   "access": "Direct table download",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "radiative forcing by gas, index vs 1990",
   "spatial": "Global mean",
   "temporal": "1979-2025",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Compact authoritative forcing-by-gas table"
  },
  {
   "id": "igcc",
   "name": "Indicators of Global Climate Change (IGCC)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Forcing indices",
   "provider": "IGCC/U. Leeds",
   "url": "https://www.igcc.earth/",
   "access": "Zenodo download; GitHub code",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "ERF by component, GHG concentrations, attributed warming, energy imbalance, carbon budget",
   "spatial": "Global means",
   "temporal": "1750-2025",
   "cadence": "annual (June)",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "IPCC-consistent annually-updated forcing/warming series"
  },
  {
   "id": "meinshausen-ghg",
   "name": "CMIP Historical GHG Concentrations (Meinshausen)",
   "domain": "GHG, Emissions & Composition",
   "subdomain": "Forcing indices",
   "provider": "CMIP Forcing Task Team",
   "url": "https://greenhousegases.science.unimelb.edu.au/",
   "access": "Direct download; ESGF input4MIPs",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV",
   "variables": "surface concentrations of 43 GHGs, latitudinally resolved",
   "spatial": "Global/latitudinal",
   "temporal": "year 1-2023+ +scenarios",
   "cadence": "versioned",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Concentration boundary conditions used by CMIP models"
  },
  {
   "id": "ncei-paleo",
   "name": "NOAA NCEI Paleoclimatology (WDS-Paleo)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleoclimate",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI/WDS-Paleo",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology",
   "access": "Paleo Data Search UI; FTP/HTTPS tree; JSON metadata",
   "formats": "TXT;CSV;LiPD;NetCDF",
   "variables": "temperature, precip, d18O, tree-ring, pollen, Pa/Th, sortable silt",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "~2Myr-present",
   "cadence": "rolling",
   "license": "Public domain",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Master archive; hosts AMOC proxy series (Pa/Th, sortable silt)"
  },
  {
   "id": "pangaea",
   "name": "PANGAEA",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleoclimate",
   "provider": "AWI/MARUM",
   "url": "https://www.pangaea.de",
   "access": "REST/OAI-PMH API; DOI datasets; pangaeapy",
   "formats": "tab-text;CSV;NetCDF;ODV",
   "variables": "marine sediment cores, geochemistry, isotopes, benthic d18O",
   "spatial": "Global (ocean-heavy)",
   "temporal": "Quaternary-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Mostly CC BY",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Deep repository for marine cores underpinning AMOC reconstructions"
  },
  {
   "id": "neotoma",
   "name": "Neotoma Paleoecology Database",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleoclimate",
   "provider": "Neotoma consortium",
   "url": "https://www.neotomadb.org",
   "access": "REST API; neotoma2 R pkg; Explorer",
   "formats": "JSON;CSV",
   "variables": "fossil pollen, diatoms, charcoal, chronologies",
   "spatial": "Global (NH-dense)",
   "temporal": "Pliocene-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Terrestrial ecosystem/vegetation reconstructions"
  },
  {
   "id": "lipdverse",
   "name": "LinkedEarth / LiPDverse",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleoclimate",
   "provider": "LinkedEarth (NSF)",
   "url": "https://lipdverse.org",
   "access": "Download project bundles; pyleoclim; lipdR",
   "formats": "LiPD (JSON-LD+CSV)",
   "variables": "standardized proxy timeseries + chronologies",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "Common Era/Holocene/deglacial",
   "cadence": "versioned",
   "license": "Mostly CC BY",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Machine-readable proxy format for data-assimilation pipelines"
  },
  {
   "id": "pages2k",
   "name": "PAGES 2k Temperature Database v2",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleoclimate",
   "provider": "PAGES 2k Consortium",
   "url": "https://lipdverse.org/project/pages2k/",
   "access": "figshare + LiPDverse bundle",
   "formats": "LiPD;CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "temperature-sensitive proxies (692 records)",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "0-2000 CE",
   "cadence": "annual-decadal",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Benchmark for last-2ka temperature reconstruction"
  },
  {
   "id": "temp12k",
   "name": "Kaufman Holocene Temp12k",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleoclimate",
   "provider": "Kaufman et al./NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/27330",
   "access": "NCEI download; LiPD bundle",
   "formats": "LiPD;CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "multiproxy temperature (1319 records), ensemble GMST",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "last 12,000 yr",
   "cadence": "decadal-centennial",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Holocene GMST ensemble baseline"
  },
  {
   "id": "epica",
   "name": "EPICA Ice Cores",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ice cores",
   "provider": "EPICA/PANGAEA/NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/ice-core",
   "access": "PANGAEA DOI; NCEI FTP",
   "formats": "tab-text;CSV",
   "variables": "CO2, CH4, dD, d18O, dust, temperature",
   "spatial": "Antarctica",
   "temporal": "up to 800,000 yr",
   "cadence": "multi-decadal-millennial",
   "license": "CC BY/open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Longest orbital-scale record; bipolar seesaw context"
  },
  {
   "id": "greenland-cores",
   "name": "NGRIP / NEEM / GISP2 Greenland cores",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ice cores",
   "provider": "U. Copenhagen/NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/data/",
   "access": "HTTP/FTP download",
   "formats": "TXT;Excel;CSV",
   "variables": "d18O, accumulation, GICC05 timescale, dust",
   "spatial": "Greenland",
   "temporal": "~110-123 kyr",
   "cadence": "annual-decadal",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Records D-O/Heinrich events tied to AMOC reorganizations"
  },
  {
   "id": "wais",
   "name": "WAIS Divide Ice Core",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ice cores",
   "provider": "US WAIS/USAP-DC/NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.usap-dc.org",
   "access": "Download",
   "formats": "TXT;CSV",
   "variables": "d18O, CO2, CH4, high-res accumulation",
   "spatial": "West Antarctica",
   "temporal": "~68 kyr",
   "cadence": "annual (Holocene)",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "High-res Antarctic counterpart for seesaw timing"
  },
  {
   "id": "sisal",
   "name": "SISALv3 speleothems",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleo proxies",
   "provider": "PAGES SISAL WG/NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/SISAL-v3/",
   "access": "SQL dump; NCEI mirror; web app",
   "formats": "CSV;MySQL dump",
   "variables": "speleothem d18O, d13C, trace elements, U-Th chronologies",
   "spatial": "Global (~700 records)",
   "temporal": "glacial-Holocene",
   "cadence": "sub-annual-centennial",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Global hydroclimate/monsoon proxy net"
  },
  {
   "id": "path-proxy",
   "name": "Pa/Th & Sortable-Silt AMOC proxies",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleo proxies",
   "provider": "studies via NCEI/PANGAEA",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/",
   "access": "Study-level download",
   "formats": "TXT;CSV",
   "variables": "231Pa/230Th ratios, sortable silt grain size (flow-speed proxy)",
   "spatial": "North Atlantic transects",
   "temporal": "deglacial-Holocene",
   "cadence": "centennial",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": true,
   "notes": "Direct proxies of past AMOC strength & Younger Dryas slowdowns"
  },
  {
   "id": "noaa-coral",
   "name": "NOAA Coral/Sclerosponge Database",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Paleo proxies",
   "provider": "NOAA WDS-Paleo",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/paleoclimatology/corals-sclerosponges",
   "access": "Paleo Data Search; FTP",
   "formats": "TXT;CSV",
   "variables": "coral d18O, Sr/Ca, d13C (SST/salinity proxies)",
   "spatial": "Tropical oceans",
   "temporal": "centuries-millennia",
   "cadence": "monthly-annual",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "High-res past SST/ENSO reconstructions"
  },
  {
   "id": "grdc",
   "name": "GRDC river discharge",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology",
   "provider": "BfG/WMO",
   "url": "https://grdc.bafg.de/data/data_portal/",
   "access": "Online Data Download Portal",
   "formats": "CSV;WaterML;NetCDF",
   "variables": "daily/monthly river discharge (~10000 stations)",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "1800s-present",
   "cadence": "ongoing",
   "license": "Free research (agreement)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ground-truth river discharge; freshwater flux context"
  },
  {
   "id": "glofas",
   "name": "GloFAS (Copernicus EMS)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology",
   "provider": "Copernicus EMS/ECMWF",
   "url": "https://global-flood.emergency.copernicus.eu",
   "access": "CDS API; web map",
   "formats": "GRIB;NetCDF",
   "variables": "river discharge forecast/reanalysis, flood thresholds",
   "spatial": "Global 0.05°",
   "temporal": "1979-present +forecast",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Free (CDS)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Gridded discharge for globe flood-risk animation"
  },
  {
   "id": "grace-tws",
   "name": "GRACE/GRACE-FO TWS mascons",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology",
   "provider": "NASA JPL PO.DAAC",
   "url": "https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/TELLUS_GRAC-GRFO_MASCON_GRID_RL06.1_V3",
   "access": "Earthdata; OPeNDAP; subscriber",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "liquid water equivalent (groundwater/TWS)",
   "spatial": "Global ~0.5° mascon",
   "temporal": "2002-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Open (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Groundwater depletion & drought signal Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "esa-cci-sm",
   "name": "ESA CCI Soil Moisture v09.1",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology",
   "provider": "ESA CCI/TU Wien",
   "url": "https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/soil-moisture/data/",
   "access": "Download portal; CDS; Zenodo (gapfilled)",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "surface soil moisture (combined/active/passive)",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25°",
   "temporal": "1978-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Long CDR for drought/land-atmosphere Soil moisture represented on-globe in this app by the AMSR2 layer."
  },
  {
   "id": "spei",
   "name": "SPEI Global Drought Database",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology",
   "provider": "CSIC (Spain)",
   "url": "https://spei.csic.es",
   "access": "Web download; THREDDS/OPeNDAP",
   "formats": "NetCDF;CSV",
   "variables": "Standardised Precip-ET Index (1-48 month)",
   "spatial": "Global land 0.5°",
   "temporal": "1901-present",
   "cadence": "monthly",
   "license": "Open (CC)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Multi-scalar drought index, directly mappable"
  },
  {
   "id": "hydrolakes",
   "name": "HydroLAKES / GloLakes",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology",
   "provider": "HydroSHEDS/IHE Delft",
   "url": "https://www.hydrosheds.org/products/hydrolakes",
   "access": "Shapefile/GDB download; GloLakes Zenodo",
   "formats": "Shapefile;GeoPackage;CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "1.4M lake polygons; GloLakes water storage/level dynamics",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "static / 1984-present",
   "cadence": "monthly (GloLakes)",
   "license": "CC BY",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Lake extent + storage change globe layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "fluxnet",
   "name": "FLUXNET2015 / AmeriFlux / ICOS fluxes",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Hydrology/ecosystems",
   "provider": "FLUXNET/LBNL/ICOS",
   "url": "https://fluxnet.org/data/fluxnet2015-dataset/",
   "access": "Portal download (registration); ICOS API",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF",
   "variables": "CO2/H2O/energy fluxes (NEE, GPP, ET), micromet",
   "spatial": "Global tower network",
   "temporal": "1990s-present",
   "cadence": "half-hourly-annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 tiers",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Point-scale carbon/water fluxes for model benchmarking"
  },
  {
   "id": "emdat",
   "name": "EM-DAT",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "CRED UCLouvain",
   "url": "https://www.emdat.be",
   "access": "Web portal (account); CSV/Excel export",
   "formats": "Excel;CSV",
   "variables": "disaster events (deaths, affected, loss) by type",
   "spatial": "Global, country-tagged",
   "temporal": "1900-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Free non-commercial (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Societal impact layer for choropleth"
  },
  {
   "id": "desinventar",
   "name": "DesInventar Sendai",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "UNDRR",
   "url": "https://www.desinventar.net",
   "access": "Web query; XML/Excel export",
   "formats": "XML;Excel;CSV",
   "variables": "subnational disaster loss by hazard",
   "spatial": "~100 countries subnational",
   "temporal": "1970s-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Fine-grained subnational loss complementing EM-DAT"
  },
  {
   "id": "ibtracs",
   "name": "IBTrACS v04r01",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEI",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive",
   "access": "HTTPS/FTP; ERDDAP",
   "formats": "CSV;NetCDF;shapefile",
   "variables": "TC position, wind, pressure best-tracks",
   "spatial": "Global all basins",
   "temporal": "1840s-present",
   "cadence": "3-6 hourly, NRT",
   "license": "Open (US Gov)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Track lines = vector overlays for the globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "hadex3",
   "name": "HadEX3 extremes indices",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "Met Office Hadley",
   "url": "https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3/",
   "access": "Direct download; CEDA",
   "formats": "NetCDF;ASCII",
   "variables": "29 ETCCDI temperature & precip extremes indices",
   "spatial": "Global land 1.875x1.25°",
   "temporal": "1901-2018",
   "cadence": "annual/monthly",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Gridded extremes indices for globe visualization"
  },
  {
   "id": "firms",
   "name": "NASA FIRMS (active fire)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "NASA/UMD",
   "url": "https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov",
   "access": "REST API (MAP_KEY); WMS; download",
   "formats": "CSV;shapefile;GeoJSON;KML",
   "variables": "MODIS & VIIRS active fire detections, FRP",
   "spatial": "Global 375m-1km",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "NRT (~3h)",
   "license": "Open (free key)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Point fire detections; vivid animated globe layer"
  },
  {
   "id": "gwis",
   "name": "GWIS Global Wildfire Info System",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "Copernicus/JRC/NASA",
   "url": "https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu",
   "access": "Web viewer; download; GEE",
   "formats": "Shapefile;CSV;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "burned area, fire danger (FWI), emissions",
   "spatial": "Global",
   "temporal": "2001-present",
   "cadence": "daily NRT",
   "license": "Open (Copernicus)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Aggregated burned-area/fire-danger maps"
  },
  {
   "id": "mtbs",
   "name": "MTBS burn severity",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Extremes/disasters",
   "provider": "USGS/USDA FS",
   "url": "https://www.mtbs.gov",
   "access": "Web download; raster/vector",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF;shapefile",
   "variables": "fire perimeters, burn severity (dNBR)",
   "spatial": "USA 30m",
   "temporal": "1984-present",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "High-res US burn severity for zoom-in"
  },
  {
   "id": "worldcover",
   "name": "ESA WorldCover 10m",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ecosystems/land cover",
   "provider": "ESA/VITO",
   "url": "https://esa-worldcover.org",
   "access": "S3/Terrascope; GEE; viewer",
   "formats": "COG",
   "variables": "11-class land cover",
   "spatial": "Global 10m",
   "temporal": "2020 & 2021",
   "cadence": "two epochs",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Highest-res global land cover; base texture"
  },
  {
   "id": "modis-lc",
   "name": "MODIS Land Cover (MCD12Q1)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ecosystems/land cover",
   "provider": "NASA LP DAAC",
   "url": "https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mcd12q1v061/",
   "access": "Earthdata; AppEEARS; GEE",
   "formats": "HDF-EOS;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "land cover (IGBP, PFT schemes)",
   "spatial": "Global 500m",
   "temporal": "2001-present",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Open (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Consistent annual LC for change animation"
  },
  {
   "id": "dynamicworld",
   "name": "Dynamic World",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ecosystems/land cover",
   "provider": "Google/WRI",
   "url": "https://dynamicworld.app",
   "access": "Google Earth Engine; STAC",
   "formats": "GEE collection;GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "near-real-time 9-class LULC probabilities",
   "spatial": "Global 10m",
   "temporal": "2015-present",
   "cadence": "~5 days",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Near-real-time LULC for dynamic globe"
  },
  {
   "id": "hansen-gfc",
   "name": "Hansen Global Forest Change",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ecosystems/land cover",
   "provider": "UMD GLAD/Google",
   "url": "https://www.globalforestwatch.org",
   "access": "HTTP tile download; GEE",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF (30m)",
   "variables": "tree cover, forest loss year, gain",
   "spatial": "Global 30m",
   "temporal": "2000-2025",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Annual deforestation; compelling change-over-time visual"
  },
  {
   "id": "modis-ndvi",
   "name": "MODIS Vegetation Indices + GIMMS NDVI3g",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ecosystems/land cover",
   "provider": "NASA LP DAAC/GIMMS",
   "url": "https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13a2v061/",
   "access": "Earthdata; AppEEARS; GEE",
   "formats": "HDF;GeoTIFF;NetCDF",
   "variables": "NDVI, EVI (greenness)",
   "spatial": "MODIS 250m-1km / GIMMS 8km",
   "temporal": "MODIS 2000-present / GIMMS 1981-2015",
   "cadence": "16-day/biweekly",
   "license": "Open",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Vegetation/phenology trends; GIMMS extends to 1981 Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "gbif",
   "name": "GBIF biodiversity occurrences",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Ecosystems/land cover",
   "provider": "GBIF",
   "url": "https://www.gbif.org",
   "access": "REST API; download DOIs; pygbif/rgbif",
   "formats": "Darwin Core;CSV",
   "variables": "3B+ species occurrence records",
   "spatial": "Global point occurrences",
   "temporal": "historical-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "CC0/CC BY per dataset",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Biodiversity-climate niche shifts overlay"
  },
  {
   "id": "worldpop",
   "name": "WorldPop",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Societal exposure",
   "provider": "WorldPop/U. Southampton",
   "url": "https://www.worldpop.org",
   "access": "Web download; REST API; GEE",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "gridded population counts/density, demographics",
   "spatial": "Global 100m-1km",
   "temporal": "2000-2020+",
   "cadence": "annual/periodic",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Exposure denominator for climate-risk overlays"
  },
  {
   "id": "ghsl",
   "name": "GHSL Global Human Settlement Layer",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Societal exposure",
   "provider": "EU JRC/Copernicus",
   "url": "https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu",
   "access": "Web download; tiles; GEE",
   "formats": "GeoTIFF",
   "variables": "built-up surface, population (GHS-POP), settlement model",
   "spatial": "Global 100m-1km",
   "temporal": "1975-2030 (5-yr epochs)",
   "cadence": "periodic",
   "license": "Open (Copernicus)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Built-up + population for urban exposure"
  },
  {
   "id": "ndgain",
   "name": "ND-GAIN Country Index",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Societal exposure",
   "provider": "U. Notre Dame",
   "url": "https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/download-data/",
   "access": "Bulk CSV download",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "vulnerability & readiness scores + 45 indicators",
   "spatial": "~192 countries",
   "temporal": "1995-present",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "license": "Free (CC BY-NC-SA)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Ready-made climate vulnerability choropleth"
  },
  {
   "id": "esotc",
   "name": "Copernicus European State of the Climate / CDS",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Portals",
   "provider": "Copernicus C3S",
   "url": "https://climate.copernicus.eu/ESOTC",
   "access": "CDS API; web reports",
   "formats": "NetCDF;GRIB;CSV",
   "variables": "ERA5 reanalysis, extremes indicators, sectoral indices",
   "spatial": "Europe/global",
   "temporal": "1940-present",
   "cadence": "ESOTC annual; ERA5 continuous",
   "license": "Free (CDS)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "ERA5 backbone + annual climate summaries"
  },
  {
   "id": "obis",
   "name": "OBIS (Ocean Biodiversity Information System)",
   "domain": "Ocean & AMOC",
   "subdomain": "Biodiversity",
   "provider": "IODE/UNESCO-IOC",
   "url": "https://obis.org",
   "access": "REST API; mapper; R/Python robis/pyobis",
   "formats": "JSON;CSV;Darwin Core",
   "variables": "marine species occurrences",
   "spatial": "global ocean",
   "temporal": "historical-present",
   "cadence": "continuous",
   "license": "CC BY",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Marine counterpart to GBIF; tracks poleward/deeper shifts of ocean life"
  },
  {
   "id": "lpi",
   "name": "Living Planet Index",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Biodiversity",
   "provider": "WWF / ZSL",
   "url": "https://www.livingplanetindex.org/",
   "access": "Download portal; data request",
   "formats": "CSV",
   "variables": "vertebrate population abundance trends",
   "spatial": "~35,000 populations global",
   "temporal": "1970-present",
   "cadence": "~biennial",
   "license": "Free (registration)",
   "globe": false,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Closest global *abundance* dataset (~73% avg decline since 1970); complements GBIF presence data"
  },
  {
   "id": "modis-lst",
   "name": "MODIS Land Surface Temperature",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "Land temperature",
   "provider": "NASA LP DAAC",
   "url": "https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod11a1v061/",
   "access": "Earthdata; GIBS WMTS tiles (key-free)",
   "formats": "HDF-EOS;GeoTIFF;PNG tiles",
   "variables": "land skin temperature (day/night), emissivity",
   "spatial": "Global 1km",
   "temporal": "2000-present",
   "cadence": "daily",
   "license": "Open (Earthdata)",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Actual ground/skin temperature over land; key-free GIBS tiles (used in the globe's land-surface-temperature layer)"
  },
  {
   "id": "gfs",
   "name": "NOAA GFS (Global Forecast System)",
   "domain": "Atmosphere/Reanalysis/Surface",
   "subdomain": "NWP forecast",
   "provider": "NOAA NCEP",
   "url": "https://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/emc/pages/numerical_forecast_systems/gfs.php",
   "access": "NOMADS grib filter (no key); AWS/GCS open data mirrors",
   "formats": "GRIB2",
   "variables": "T2m, precip, wind, pressure, humidity, full atmosphere",
   "spatial": "Global 0.25 deg",
   "temporal": "4 cycles/day, leads to 384 h",
   "cadence": "6-hourly",
   "license": "US Gov public domain",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Two live globe layers in this app: 2 m temperature and daily precipitation forecasts (day-keyed to +10 days; the date selector runs into the future while one is on). refresh_data.py gfs re-bakes from the latest complete cycle."
  },
  {
   "id": "opera-dist",
   "name": "OPERA Land Surface Disturbance Alert (DIST-ALERT-HLS)",
   "provider": "NASA JPL / OPERA (from Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Land cover change",
   "variables": "Vegetation cover loss status, fraction of cover lost, date of first detection",
   "spatial": "30 m global",
   "temporal": "2022- (GIBS tiles from 2023-01)",
   "cadence": "every 2-4 days (HLS revisit)",
   "formats": "COG (GeoTIFF); WMTS tiles",
   "access": "NASA GIBS WMTS (no key); LP DAAC / Earthdata for the source COGs",
   "license": "Public domain (NASA)",
   "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dist-product-suite/",
   "amoc": false,
   "globe": true,
   "notes": "Near-real-time vegetation disturbance: each new clear Landsat/Sentinel-2 view is compared against the pixel history and a drop in cover is flagged provisional, then confirmed. Sees deforestation, fire, logging and storm damage but not the CAUSE. Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "opera-dist-ann",
   "name": "OPERA Land Surface Disturbance Annual Summary (DIST-ANN-HLS)",
   "provider": "NASA JPL / OPERA (from Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Land cover change",
   "variables": "Confirmed annual vegetation cover loss, fraction lost, duration",
   "spatial": "30 m global",
   "temporal": "2023, 2024, 2025 (one map per year)",
   "cadence": "annual",
   "formats": "COG (GeoTIFF); WMTS tiles",
   "access": "NASA GIBS WMTS (no key); LP DAAC / Earthdata for the source COGs",
   "license": "Public domain (NASA)",
   "url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/go/opera/products/dist-product-suite/",
   "amoc": false,
   "globe": true,
   "notes": "The settled version of the alert product: one map per year of confirmed loss, with provisional detections resolved. Year-on-year comparison of forest loss. Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "wri-gdm-drivers",
   "name": "Global Drivers of Forest Loss at 1 km (WRI / Google DeepMind, v1.3)",
   "provider": "World Resources Institute & Google DeepMind (Sims et al. 2025)",
   "domain": "Paleo, Hydrology, Extremes & Impacts",
   "subdomain": "Land cover change",
   "variables": "Dominant driver of tree-cover loss (permanent agriculture, hard commodities, shifting cultivation, logging, wildfire, settlements & infrastructure, other natural disturbances) plus per-class probabilities",
   "spatial": "1 km (0.01 deg) global, 84N-56S",
   "temporal": "2001-2025 attributed in a single map (v1.3)",
   "cadence": "reissued when a new version is published (v1.0 2022, v1.2 2024, v1.3 2025)",
   "formats": "Cloud-optimized GeoTIFF; Earth Engine image",
   "access": "Direct COG download from WRI Data Explorer (no key); also projects/landandcarbon/assets/wri_gdm_drivers_forest_loss_1km/v1_3_2001_2025 in Earth Engine",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "url": "https://datasets.wri.org/datasets/dominant-drivers-of-tree-cover-loss-at-1km",
   "amoc": false,
   "globe": true,
   "notes": "The 'why' behind forest loss: a classifier trained on tens of thousands of hand-labelled sites names the dominant cause of loss at every kilometre. The companion to the OPERA alert products, which resolve loss at 30 m but say nothing about its cause; the agriculture/logging/fire split is also the permanent-vs-regrowth split. Sims et al. 2025, Environ. Res. Lett. 20(7): 074027. Live globe layer in this app."
  },
  {
   "id": "eot20",
   "name": "EOT20 ocean tide model",
   "domain": "Ocean",
   "subdomain": "Tides",
   "provider": "DGFI-TUM",
   "url": "https://www.seanoe.org/data/00683/79489/",
   "access": "SEANOE HTTPS (open, CC-BY)",
   "formats": "NetCDF",
   "variables": "harmonic constants (amplitude+phase, 17 constituents)",
   "spatial": "Global 0.125°",
   "temporal": "fit to 1992-2019 altimetry",
   "cadence": "static analysis",
   "license": "CC-BY 4.0",
   "globe": true,
   "amoc": false,
   "notes": "Empirical ocean tide model from multi-mission altimetry (Hart-Davis et al. 2021) · Live globe layer in this app (Tide height, animated) · Controls in the Tides tab."
  }
 ]
}